The ignition phenomenon of gases—part I: the experimental analysis—a review
Abstract
Ignition has a significant impact on the efficiency of the combustion process. Spark ignition is the most commonly usedmethod and is characterized by two important parameters: minimum ignition energy and quenching distance. This paperpresents a review of various ways ahead in experimental investigation in the area. We focus on the conditions influencingthe experiments and estimation of the minimum ignition energy. The main issues in previous experimental studies are:construction of the ignition apparatus, spark energy estimation and the statistical nature of the phenomenon. A summary ofthe research conditions data is presented.References
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[2] S. Essmann, D. Markus, U. Maas, Investigation of ignition by low energy
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2710–2715.
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[9] J. E. Shepherd, J. C. Krok, J. J. Lee, Spark ignition energy measurements
in jet a.
[10] M. Kono, K. Hatori, K. Iinuma, Investigation on ignition ability of composite
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Combustion, Vol. 20, Elsevier, 1985, pp. 133–140.
[11] M. Kono, S. Kumagai, T. Sakai, The optimum condition for ignition of
gases by composite sparks, in: Symposium (International) on Combustion,
Vol. 16, Elsevier, 1977, pp. 757–766.
[12] Y. Ko, R. Anderson, V. S. Arpaci, Spark ignition of propane-air mixtures
near the minimum ignition energy: Part i. an experimental study.
[13] S. Bane, J. Shepherd, E. Kwon, A. Day, Statistical analysis of electrostatic
spark ignition of lean h2/o2/ar mixtures, International journal of
hydrogen energy 36 (3) (2011) 2344–2350.
[14] S. P. M. Bane, Spark ignition: experimental and numerical investigation
with application to aviation safety, Ph.D. thesis, California Institute of
Technology (2010).
[15] B. Lewis, Combustion, Flames and Explosion of Gases.
[16] R. Ono, M. Nifuku, S. Fujiwara, S. Horiguchi, T. Oda, Minimum ignition
energy of hydrogen–air mixture: Effects of humidity and spark duration,
Journal of Electrostatics 65 (2) (2007) 87–93.
[17] U. Pfahl, M. Ross, J. Shepherd, K. Pasamehmetoglu, C. Unal,
Flammability limits, ignition energy, and flame speeds in h2–ch4–nh3–
n2o–o2–n2 mixtures, Combustion and Flame 123 (1-2) (2000) 140–
158.
[18] Astm e582-07, standard test method for minimum ignition energy and
quenching distance in gaseous mixtures.
[19] E. Litchfield, M. Hay, T. Kubala, J. Monroe, Minimum ignition energy
and quenching distance in gaseous mixtures, Report of Investigations
7009.
[20] L. G. Britton, K. L. Cashdollar, W. Fenlon, D. Frurip, J. Going, B. K.
Harrison, J. Niemeier, E. A. Ural, The role of astm e27 methods in
hazard assessment part ii: Flammability and ignitability, Process safety
progress 24 (1) (2005) 12–28.
[21] T. Langer, G. Gramse, D. Möckel, U. von Pidoll, M. Beyer, Mie experiments
and simultaneous measurement of the transferred charge–
a verification of the ignition threshold limits, Journal of Electrostatics
70 (1) (2012) 97–104.
[22] J. Marshall, The quenching distances and minimum ignition energies
of h 2 o 2+ h 2 o vapour mixtures, Transactions of the Faraday Society
55 (1959) 288–298.
[23] S. Coronel, R. Mevel, S. Bane, J. Shepherd, Experimental study of
minimum ignition energy of lean h2-n2o mixtures, Proceedings of the
Combustion Institute 34 (1) (2013) 895–902.
[24] A. Wähner, G. Gramse, T. Langer, M. Beyer, Determination of the minimum
ignition energy on the basis of a statistical approach, Journal of
Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 26 (6) (2013) 1655–1660.
[25] S. Zhong, N. Miao, Q. Yu, W. Cao, Energy measurement of spark discharge
using different triggering methods and inductance loads, Journal
of Electrostatics 73 (2015) 97–102.
[26] U. von Pidoll, E. Brzostek, H.-R. Froechtenigt, Determining the incendivity
of electrostatic discharges without explosive gas mixtures, IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications 40 (6) (2004) 1467–1475.
[27] Astm e681-09, standard test method for concentration limits of
flammability of chemicals (vapors and gases).
[28] Eropean standard: Determination of explosion limits of vapors and
gases, en1839.
[29] Astm e918-83(2005), standard practice for determining limits of
flammability of chemicals at elevated temperature and pressure.
[30] S. Liao, Q. Cheng, D. Jiang, J. Gao, Experimental study of flammability
limits of natural gas–air mixture, Journal of hazardous materials
119 (1-3) (2005) 81–84.
[31] G. De Smedt, F. De Corte, R. Notele, J. Berghmans, Comparison of
two standard test methods for determining explosion limits of gases at
atmospheric conditions, Journal of hazardous materials 70 (3) (1999)
105–113.
[32] A. Takahashi, Y. Urano, K. Tokuhashi, S. Kondo, Effect of vessel size
and shape on experimental flammability limits of gases, Journal of hazardous
materials 105 (1-3) (2003) 27–37.
[33] E. Brandes, E. A. Ural, Towards a global standard for flammability
determination, in: Proceedings of the 42nd annual loss prevention
symposium–Global safety congress, paper 2E, April 6, Vol. 10, 2008.
[34] R. Tschirschwitz, V. Schröder, E. Brandes, U. Krause, Determination
of explosion limits–criterion for ignition under non-atmospheric conditions,
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 36 (2015)
562–568.
[35] S. Moffett, S. Bhanderi, J. Shepherd, E. Kwon, Investigation of statistical
nature of spark ignition, in: 2007 Fall Meeting of theWestern States
Section of the Combustion Institute, Livermore, CA October, 2007, pp.
16–17.
[36] S. P. Bane, J. L. Ziegler, J. E. Shepherd, Investigation of the effect of
electrode geometry on spark ignition, Combustion and Flame 162 (2)
(2015) 462–469.
[37] J. J. Lee, J. E. Shepherd, Spark ignition measurements in jet a: part ii.
[38] J. D. Colwell, A. Reza, Hot surface ignition of automotive and aviation
fluids, Fire Technology 41 (2) (2005) 105–123.
[39] S. Bane, J. Ziegler, P. Boettcher, S. Coronel, J. Shepherd, Experimental
investigation of spark ignition energy in kerosene, hexane, and hydrogen,
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 26 (2)
(2013) 290–294.
Techniczne, 2000.
[2] S. Essmann, D. Markus, U. Maas, Investigation of ignition by low energy
capacitance sparks: Paper p3-45, in: Proceedings of the European
Combustion Meeting, 2013.
[3] F. Belles, C. Swett, Ignition and flammability of hydrocarbon fuels".
naca report 1300.
[4] R. Maly, M. Vogel, Initiation and propagation of flame fronts in lean ch4-
air mixtures by the three modes of the ignition spark, in: Symposium
(International) on Combustion, Vol. 17, Elsevier, 1979, pp. 821–831.
[5] S. A. Sulaiman, M. Minhat, Development of a spark electrode ignition
system for an explosion vessel, World Academy of Science, Engineering
and Technology, International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace,
Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering 5 (12) (2011)
2710–2715.
[6] M. Ngo, Determination of the minimum ignition energy (mie) of premixed
propane/air, Master’s thesis, The University of Bergen (2009).
[7] J. Moorhouse, A. Williams, T. Maddison, An investigation of the minimum
ignition energies of some c1 to c7 hydrocarbons, Combustion
and flame 23 (2) (1974) 203–213.
[8] R. Eckhoff, M. Ngo, W. Olsen, On the minimum ignition energy (mie)
for propane/air, Journal of hazardous materials 175 (1-3) (2010) 293–
297.
[9] J. E. Shepherd, J. C. Krok, J. J. Lee, Spark ignition energy measurements
in jet a.
[10] M. Kono, K. Hatori, K. Iinuma, Investigation on ignition ability of composite
sparks in flowing mixtures, in: Symposium (International) on
Combustion, Vol. 20, Elsevier, 1985, pp. 133–140.
[11] M. Kono, S. Kumagai, T. Sakai, The optimum condition for ignition of
gases by composite sparks, in: Symposium (International) on Combustion,
Vol. 16, Elsevier, 1977, pp. 757–766.
[12] Y. Ko, R. Anderson, V. S. Arpaci, Spark ignition of propane-air mixtures
near the minimum ignition energy: Part i. an experimental study.
[13] S. Bane, J. Shepherd, E. Kwon, A. Day, Statistical analysis of electrostatic
spark ignition of lean h2/o2/ar mixtures, International journal of
hydrogen energy 36 (3) (2011) 2344–2350.
[14] S. P. M. Bane, Spark ignition: experimental and numerical investigation
with application to aviation safety, Ph.D. thesis, California Institute of
Technology (2010).
[15] B. Lewis, Combustion, Flames and Explosion of Gases.
[16] R. Ono, M. Nifuku, S. Fujiwara, S. Horiguchi, T. Oda, Minimum ignition
energy of hydrogen–air mixture: Effects of humidity and spark duration,
Journal of Electrostatics 65 (2) (2007) 87–93.
[17] U. Pfahl, M. Ross, J. Shepherd, K. Pasamehmetoglu, C. Unal,
Flammability limits, ignition energy, and flame speeds in h2–ch4–nh3–
n2o–o2–n2 mixtures, Combustion and Flame 123 (1-2) (2000) 140–
158.
[18] Astm e582-07, standard test method for minimum ignition energy and
quenching distance in gaseous mixtures.
[19] E. Litchfield, M. Hay, T. Kubala, J. Monroe, Minimum ignition energy
and quenching distance in gaseous mixtures, Report of Investigations
7009.
[20] L. G. Britton, K. L. Cashdollar, W. Fenlon, D. Frurip, J. Going, B. K.
Harrison, J. Niemeier, E. A. Ural, The role of astm e27 methods in
hazard assessment part ii: Flammability and ignitability, Process safety
progress 24 (1) (2005) 12–28.
[21] T. Langer, G. Gramse, D. Möckel, U. von Pidoll, M. Beyer, Mie experiments
and simultaneous measurement of the transferred charge–
a verification of the ignition threshold limits, Journal of Electrostatics
70 (1) (2012) 97–104.
[22] J. Marshall, The quenching distances and minimum ignition energies
of h 2 o 2+ h 2 o vapour mixtures, Transactions of the Faraday Society
55 (1959) 288–298.
[23] S. Coronel, R. Mevel, S. Bane, J. Shepherd, Experimental study of
minimum ignition energy of lean h2-n2o mixtures, Proceedings of the
Combustion Institute 34 (1) (2013) 895–902.
[24] A. Wähner, G. Gramse, T. Langer, M. Beyer, Determination of the minimum
ignition energy on the basis of a statistical approach, Journal of
Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 26 (6) (2013) 1655–1660.
[25] S. Zhong, N. Miao, Q. Yu, W. Cao, Energy measurement of spark discharge
using different triggering methods and inductance loads, Journal
of Electrostatics 73 (2015) 97–102.
[26] U. von Pidoll, E. Brzostek, H.-R. Froechtenigt, Determining the incendivity
of electrostatic discharges without explosive gas mixtures, IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications 40 (6) (2004) 1467–1475.
[27] Astm e681-09, standard test method for concentration limits of
flammability of chemicals (vapors and gases).
[28] Eropean standard: Determination of explosion limits of vapors and
gases, en1839.
[29] Astm e918-83(2005), standard practice for determining limits of
flammability of chemicals at elevated temperature and pressure.
[30] S. Liao, Q. Cheng, D. Jiang, J. Gao, Experimental study of flammability
limits of natural gas–air mixture, Journal of hazardous materials
119 (1-3) (2005) 81–84.
[31] G. De Smedt, F. De Corte, R. Notele, J. Berghmans, Comparison of
two standard test methods for determining explosion limits of gases at
atmospheric conditions, Journal of hazardous materials 70 (3) (1999)
105–113.
[32] A. Takahashi, Y. Urano, K. Tokuhashi, S. Kondo, Effect of vessel size
and shape on experimental flammability limits of gases, Journal of hazardous
materials 105 (1-3) (2003) 27–37.
[33] E. Brandes, E. A. Ural, Towards a global standard for flammability
determination, in: Proceedings of the 42nd annual loss prevention
symposium–Global safety congress, paper 2E, April 6, Vol. 10, 2008.
[34] R. Tschirschwitz, V. Schröder, E. Brandes, U. Krause, Determination
of explosion limits–criterion for ignition under non-atmospheric conditions,
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 36 (2015)
562–568.
[35] S. Moffett, S. Bhanderi, J. Shepherd, E. Kwon, Investigation of statistical
nature of spark ignition, in: 2007 Fall Meeting of theWestern States
Section of the Combustion Institute, Livermore, CA October, 2007, pp.
16–17.
[36] S. P. Bane, J. L. Ziegler, J. E. Shepherd, Investigation of the effect of
electrode geometry on spark ignition, Combustion and Flame 162 (2)
(2015) 462–469.
[37] J. J. Lee, J. E. Shepherd, Spark ignition measurements in jet a: part ii.
[38] J. D. Colwell, A. Reza, Hot surface ignition of automotive and aviation
fluids, Fire Technology 41 (2) (2005) 105–123.
[39] S. Bane, J. Ziegler, P. Boettcher, S. Coronel, J. Shepherd, Experimental
investigation of spark ignition energy in kerosene, hexane, and hydrogen,
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 26 (2)
(2013) 290–294.
Published
2018-07-14
How to Cite
UCHMAN, Wojciech; WERLE, Sebastian.
The ignition phenomenon of gases—part I: the experimental analysis—a review.
Journal of Power Technologies, [S.l.], v. 98, n. 2, p. 171–182, july 2018.
ISSN 2083-4195.
Available at: <https://papers.itc.pw.edu.pl/index.php/JPT/article/view/800>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
Issue
Section
Combustion and Fuel Processing
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