A Review of the Behavior of Fuel Drops in a Fuel Spray in the Context of Biofuels
Abstract
In addition to gasoline and diesel fuel, the biofuels HVO and FAME have been taken into wide use during the last decades.The properties of gasoline and diesel fuel and their effect on the combustion process have been studied for a long time, butstudies on HVO and FAME are still are very much work-in-progress. Existing studies show that the use of biodiesels reducesthe level of several exhaust gas emissions (like soot) in engine exhaust gases. At the same time, the reasons for the reductionof emission compounds remain unclear. The motivation behind determining drop size and behavior is to aid assessment ofthe quality of the air-fuel mixture with a view to explaining the reduction in soot emission when biodiesels are used. The aimof this review paper is to provide an overview of the behavior of fuel drops and their size in fuel injectors when using differentbiofuels by giving a theoretical background based on literature, on the basis of which the calculations give an opportunity toevaluate experimental results of the behavior of different biofuels in the fuel spray. This study compares four different fueltypes according to the WAVE-RT model. In addition, the collision mechanisms of drops (reflexive and stretching separation)are presented and these shall be compared for the fuel types. The results show that during the use of biofuels, the drop sizeis somewhat larger compared to diesel fuel.References
[1] A. Kuut, R. Ilves, K. Kuut, V. Raide, K. Ritslaid, J. Olt, Influence of European
Union Directives on the Use of Liquid Biofuel in the Transport
Sector, Procedia Engineering (2017) 30–39.
[2] J. Xue, T. E. Grift, A. C. Hansen, Effect of biodiesel on engine performances
and emissions, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
15 (2011) 1098–1116.
[3] H. Hazar, Effects of biodiesel on a low heat loss diesel engine, Renewable
Energy 34 (2009) 1533–1537.
[4] A. N. Ozsezen, M. Canakci, A. Turkcan, C. Sayin, Performance and
combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with waste
palm oil and canola oil methyl esters, Fuel 88 (2009) 629–636.
[5] Z. Utlu, M. S. Koçak, The effect of biodiesel fuel obtained from waste
frying oil on direct injection diesel engine performance and exhaust
emissions, Renewable Energy 33 (2008) 1936–1941.
[6] H. Ozgunay, S. Çolak, G. Zengin, O. Sari, H. Sarikahya, L. Yuceer,
Performance and emission study of biodiesel from leather industry
pre-fleshings, Waste Management 27 (2007) 1897–1901.
[7] C. Kaplan, R. Arslan, A. Surmen, Performance characteristics of sunflower
methyl esters as biodiesel, Energy Sources Part A Recovery
Utilization and Environmental Effects 28 (2006) 751–755.
[8] J. F. Reyes, M. A. Sepúlveda, PM-10 emissions and power of a diesel
engine fueled with crude and refined biodiesel from salmon oil, Fuel
85 (2006) 1714–1719.
[9] H. Raheman, A. G. Phadatare, Diesel engine emissions and performance
from blends of karanja methyl ester and diesel, Biomass and
Bioenergy 27 (2004) 393–397.
[10] Y. Ulusoy, Y. Tekin, M. Cetinkaya, F. Karaosmanoglu, The engine tests
of biodiesel from used frying oil, Energy Sources 26 (2004) 927–932.
[11] S.-H. Choi, Y. Oh, The emission effects by the use of biodiesel fuel,
International Journal of Modern Physics B 20 (2006) 4481–4486.
[12] B.-F. Lin, J.-H. Huang, D.-Y. Huan, Experimental study of the effects
of vegetable oil methyl ester on DI diesel engine performance characteristics
and pollutant emissions, Fuel 88 (2009) 1779–1785.
[13] D. H. Qi, L. M. Geng, H. Chen, Y. Z. H. Bian, J. Liu, X. C. H. Ren,
Combustion and performance evaluation of a diesel engine fueled
with biodiesel produced from soybean crude oil, Renewable Energy
34 (2009) 2706–2713.
[14] M. Lapuerta, J. M. Herreros, L. L. Lyons, R. García-Contreras,
Y. Briceño, Effect of the alcohol type used in the production of waste
cooking oil biodiesel on diesel performance and emissions, Fuel 87
(2008) 3161–3169.
[15] H. Kim, B. Choi, The effect of biodiesel and bioethanol blended diesel
fuel on nanoparticles and exhaust emissions from CRDI diesel engine,
Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 157–163.
[16] X. Meng, G. Chen, Y. Wang, Biodiesel production from waste cooking
oil via alkali catalyst and its engine test, Fuel Processing Technology
89 (2008) 851–857.
[17] A. Hull, I. Golubkov, B. Kronberg, J. van Stam, Alternative fuel for a
standard diesel engine, International Journal of Engine Research 7
(2006) 51–63.
[18] M. Gumus, S. Kasifoglu, Performance and emission evaluation of a
compression ignition engine using a biodiesel (apricot seed kernel oil
methyl ester) and its blends with diesel fuel, Biomass and Bioenergy
34 (2010) 134–139.
[19] A. Pal, A. Verma, S. S. Kachhwaha, S. Maji, Biodiesel production
through hydrodynamic cavitation and performance testing, Renewable
Energy 35 (2010) 619–624.
[20] A. S. Ramadhas, C. Muraleedharan, S. Jayaraj, Performance and
emission evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with methyl esters of
rubber seed oil, Renewable Energy 30 (2005) 1789–1800.
[21] D. Sharma, S. L. Soni, J. Mathur, Emission reduction in a direct injection
diesel engine fueled by neem-diesel blend, Energy Reports 31
(2009) 500–508.
[22] M. Guru, A. Koca, O. Can, C. Çınar, F. S¸ ahin, Biodiesel production
from waste chicken fat based sources and evaluation with Mg based
additive in a diesel engine, Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 637–643.
[23] L. Zhu, W. Zhang, W. Liu, Z. Hunag, Experimental study on particulate
and NOx emissions of a diesel engine fueled with ultra low sulfur
diesel, RME-diesel blends and PME-diesel blends, Science of Total
Environment 408 (2010) 1050–1058.
[24] K. Ryu, The characteristics of performance and exhaust emissions
of a diesel engine using a biodiesel with antioxidants, Bioresource
Technology 101 (2010) S78–S82.
[25] J. M. Luján, V. Bermúdez, B. Tormos, B. Pla, Comparative analysis
of a DI diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel blends during the European
MVEG-A cycle: Performance and emissions (II), Biomass and
Bioenergy 33 (2009) 948–956.
[26] C. S. Cheung, L. Zhu, Z. Huang, Regulated and unregulated emissions
from a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and biodiesel blended
with methanol, Atmospheric Environment 43 (2009) 4865–4872.
[27] S. J. Deshmukh, L. B. Bhuyar, Transesterified Hingan (Balanites) oil
as a fuel for compression ignition engines, Biomass and Bioenergy
33 (2009) 108–112.
[28] A. Tsolakis, A. Megaritis, M. L. Wyszynski, K. Theinnoi, Engine performance
and emissions of a diesel engine operating on diesel-RME
(rapeseed methyl ester) blends with EGR (exhaust gas recirculation),
Energy 32 (2007) 2072–2080.
[29] H. Raheman, S. V. Ghadge, Performance of compression ignition engine
with mahua (Madhuca indica) biodiesel, Fuel 86 (2007) 2568–
2573.
[30] D. Agarwal, S. Sinha, A. K. Agarwal, Experimental investigation of
control of NOx emissions in biodiesel-fueled compression ignition engine,
Renewable Energy 31 (2006) 2356–2369.
[31] S. Puhan, N. Vedaraman, V. B. R. Boppana, J. Jeychandran,
G. Sankarnarayanan, Mahua oil (Madhuca Indica seed oil) methyl ester
as biodiesel-preparation and emissioon characterstics, Biomass
and Bioenergy 28 (2005) 87–93.
[32] M. Canakci, Performance and emissions characteristics of biodiesel
from soybean oil, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,
Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219 (2005) 915–
922.
[33] M. Canakci, J. H. van Gerpen, Comparison of engine performance
and emissions for petroleum diesel fuel, yellow grease biodiesel, and
soybean oil biodiesel, Transactions of the ASAE 46 (2003) 937–944.
[34] A. Senatore, M. Cardone, V. Rocco, M. V. Prati, A Comparative Analysis
of Combustion Process in D.I. Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel
and Diesel Fuel, SAE paper 2000 1 (2000) 0691.
[35] M. J. Haas, K. M. Wagner, T. L. Alleman, R. L. McCormick, Engine
performance of biodiesel fuel prepared from soybean soapstock: a
high quality renewable fuel produced from a waste feedstock, Energy
& Fuels 15 (2001) 1207–1212.
[36] P. K. Sahoo, L. M. Das, M. K. G. Babu, S. N. Naik, Biodiesel development
from high acid value polanga seed oil and performance
evaluation in a CI engine, Fuel 86 (2007) 448–454.
[37] B. Baiju, M. K. Naik, L. M. Das, A comparative evaluation of compression
ignition engine characteristics using methyl and ethyl esters
of Karanja oil, Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 1616–1621.
[38] F. Wu, J. Wang, W. Chen, S. Shuai, A study on emission performance
of a diesel engine fueled with five typical methyl ester biodiesels, Atmospheric
Environment 43 (2009) 1481–1485.
[39] Y. Ulusoy, R. Arslan, C. Kaplan, Emission characteristics of sunflower
oil methyl ester, Energy Sources Part A 11 (2009) 906–910.
[40] C.-Y. Lin, R.-J. Li, Engine performance and emission characteristics
of marine fish-oil biodiesel produced from the discarded parts of marine
fish, Fuel Processing Technology 90 (2009) 883–888.
[41] D. Tziourtzioumis, L. Demetriades, O. Zogou, T. Stamatelos, Experimental
investigation of the effect of a B70 biodiesel blend on a
common-rail passenger car diesel engine, Proceedings of the Institution
of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering
223 (2009) 685–701.
[42] M. Zheng, M. C. Mulenga, G. T. Reader, M. Wang, D. S.-K. Ting,
J. Tjong, Biodiesel engine performance and emissions in low temperature
combustion, Fuel 87 (2008) 714–722.
[43] M. E. Tat, J. H. van Gerpen, P. S. Wang, Fuel Property Effects
on Injection Timing, Ignition Timing and Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions
from Biodiesel-Fueled Engines, Transactions ASABE 50 (2007)
1123–1128.
[44] S. Kalligeros, F. Zannikos, S. Stournas, E. Lois, G. Anastopoulus,
C. Teas, F. Sakellaropoulos, An investigation of using
biodiesel/marine diesel blends on the performance of a stationary
diesel engine, Biomass and Bioenergy 24 (2003) 141–149.
[45] M. Lapuerta, O. Armas, R. Ballestros, Diesel particulate emissions
from biofuels derived from Spanish vegetable oils, SAE Paper 2002
1 (2002) 1657.
[46] H. Jung, D. B. Kittelson, M. R. Zachariah, Characteristics of SME
biodiesel-fueled diesel particle emissions and the kinetics of oxidation,
Environmental Science Technologies 40 (2006) 4949–4955.
[47] A. Monyem, J. H. van Gerpen, The effect of biodiesel oxidation on engine
performance and emissions, Biomass and Bioenergy 20 (2001)
317–325.
[48] M. S. Graboski, R. L. McCormick, T. L. Alleman, A. M. Herring, The
effect of biodiesel composition on engine emissions from a DDC series
60 diesel engine, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2003)
NREL/SR–510–31461.
[49] W. G. Wang, D. W. Lyons, N. N. Clark, M. Gautam, Emissions from
nine heavy trucks fuelled by diesel and biodiesel blend without engine
modification, Environmental Science and Technology 34.
[50] M. Cardone, M. V. Prati, V. Rocco, M. Seggiani, A. Senatore, S. Vitolo,
Brassica carinata as an alternative oil crop for the production of
biodiesel in italy engine performance and regulated and unregulated
exhaust emissions, Environmental Science & Technology 36 (2002)
4656–4662.
[51] N. Y. Kado, P. A. Kuzmicky, Progress in Energy and Combustion
Science, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2003) NREL/SR–
510–31463.
[52] M. Lapuerta, O. Armas, R. Ballestros, M. Carmona, Fuel formulation
effects on passenger car diesel engine particulate emissions and
composition, SAE Paper 2000 (2000) 1850.
[53] O. Armas, J. J. Hernández, M. D. Cárdenas, Reduction of diesel
smoke opacity from vegetable oil methyl esters during transient operation,
Fuel 85 (2006) 2427–2438.
[54] K. Yamane, A. Ueta, Y. Shimamoto, Influence of physical and chemical
properties of biodiesel fuels on injection, combustin and exhaust
emission characteristics in a direct injection compression ignition engine,
International Journal of Engine Research 2 (2001) 249–261.
[55] M. Lapuerta, O. Armas, J. M. Herreros, Emissions from a dieselbiodiesel
blend in an automotive diesel engine, Fuel 1 (2008) 25–31.
[56] M. Lapuerta, O. Armas, R. Ballesteros, J. Fernández, Diesel emissions
from biofuels derived from Spanish potential vegetable oils,
Fuel 84 (2005) 773–780.
[57] K. Dincer, Lower Emissions from Biodiesel Combustion, Energy
Sources 30 (2008) 963–968.
[58] G. Fontaras, G. Karavalakis, M. Kousoulidou, T. Tzamkiozis, L. Ntziachristos,
E. Bakeas, S. Stournas, Z. Samaras, Effects of biodiesel
on passenger car fuel consumption, regulated and non-regulated pollutant
emissions over legislated and real-world driving cycles, Fuel 88
(1608-1617) 2009.
[59] T. Bohl, A. Smallbone, G. Tian, A. P. Roskilly, Particulate number and
NOx trade-off comparisons between HVO and mineral diesel in HD
applications, Fuel 215 (2018) 90–101.
[60] C. Vo, C. Charoenphonphanich, P. Karin, S. Susumu, K. Hidenori,
Effects of variable O2 concentrations and injection pressures on the
combustion and emissions characteristics of the petro-diesel and hydrotreated
vegetable oil-based fuels under the simulated diesel engine
condition, Journal of the Energy Institute 91 (2018) 1071–1084.
[61] G. Brenn, Droplet collision. Handbook of atomization and sprays: theory
and applications, Nasser Ashgriz, 2011.
[62] N. Nikolopoulos, K.-S. Nikas, G. Bergeles, A numerical investigation
of central binary collision of droplets, Computers & Fluids 38 (2009)
1191–1202.
[63] M. R. H. Nobari, J. Jan, G. Tryggvason, Head-on collision of drops -
a numerical investigation, Physics of Fluids 8 (1995) 29–42.
[64] J. Li, Macroscopic Model for Head-On Binary Droplet Collisions in a
Gaseous Medium, Physics Review Letters 117.
[65] M. Liu, D. Bothe, Numerical study of head-on droplet collisions at high
Weber numbers, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 789 (2016) 785–805.
[66] J. Qian, C. K. Law, Regimes of coalescence and separation in droplet
collision, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 331 (1997) 59–80.
[67] R. S. Volkov, G. V. Kuznetsov, P. A. Strizhak, Statistical analysis of
consequences of collisions between two water droplets upon their
motion in a high-temperature gas flow, Technical Physics Letters 41
(2015) 840–843.
[68] D. V. Antonov, R. S. Volkov, G. V. Kuznetsov, P. A. Strizhak, Experimental
Study of the Effects of Collision of Water Droplets in a Flow of
High-Temperature Gases, Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics
89 (2016) 100–111.
[69] R. D. Reitz, F. V. Bracco, Mechanisms of Breakup of Round Liquid
Jets, The Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics 3 (1986) 223–249.
[70] R. D. Reitz, Modeling atomization processes in high-pressure vaporizing
sprays, Atomisation and Spray Technology 3 (1987) 309–337.
[71] P. O’Rourke, A. Amsden, The Tab Method for Numerical Calculation
of Spray Droplet Breakup, SAE Technical Paper 872089.
[72] Diesel-Egnine Management, 4th Edition, Robert Bosch GmbH, 2006.
[73] S. Budavari, The Merck index : an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs,
and biologicals, Whitehouse Station, N.J Merck, 2001.
[74] X. Jiang, A. J. James, Head-on collision of two equal-sized drops with
van der Waals forces, Advances in Fluid Mechanics 37.
[75] M. Saroka, N. Ashgriz, M. Movassat, Numerical Investigation of
Head-on Binary Drop Collisions in a Dynamically Inert Environment,
Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics 5 (2012) 23–37.
[76] K. G. Krishnan, E. Loth, Effects of gas and droplet characteristics on
drop-drop collision outcome regimes, International Journal of Multiphase
Flow 77 (2015) 171–186.
[77] Y. R. Zhang, X. Z. Jiang, K. H. Luo, Bounce regime of droplet collisions:
A molecular dynamics study, Journal of Computational Science
17 (2016) 457–462.
[78] J.-P. Estrade, H. Carentz, G. Lavergne, Y. Biscos, Experimental investigation
of dynamic binary collision of ethanol droplets – a model
for droplet coalescence and bouncing, International Journal of Heat
and Fluid Flow 20 (1999) 486–491.
[79] M. Ashna, M. H. Rahimian, LMB simulation of head-on collision of
evaporating and burning droplets in coalescence regime, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 109 (2017) 520–536.
[80] C. Focke, M. Kuschel, M. Sommerfeld, D. Bothe, Collision between
high and low viscosity droplets: Direct Numerical Simulations and
experiments, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 56 (2013) 81–
92.
[81] S. Kim, D. J. Lee, C. S. Lee, Modeling of binary droplet collisions
for application to inter-impingement sprays, International Journal of
Multiphase Flow 35 (2009) 533–549.
[82] L. F. R. S. Rayleigh, On the instability of jets, London Mathematical
Society.
[83] A. M. Worthington, A Study of Splashes, Longmans, 1908.
[84] A. Munnanur, R. D. Reitz, A new predictive model for fragmenting
and non-fragmenting binary droplet collisions, International Journal
of Multiphase Flow 33 (2007) 873–896.
[85] S. L. Post, J. Abraham, Modeling the outcome of drop–drop collisions
in Diesel sprays, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 28 (2002)
997–1019.
[86] F. V. Bracco, Modeling of engine sprays, SAE Transactions 94 (1985)
144–167.
[87] D. L. Siebers, Liquid-phase fuel penetration in Diesel sprays, SAE
Technical Paper 980809.
[88] H. Liu, Science and Engineering of Droplets, William Andrew Inc.,
1999.
[89] S. Hou, D. P. Schmidt, Adaptive collision meshing and satellite droplet
formation in spray simulations, International Journal of Multiphase
Flow 32 (2006) 935–956.
[90] H. Hiroyasu, M. Arai, Structures of Fuel Sprays in Diesel Engines,
SAE Technical Paper 900475.
[91] H. Hiroyasu, M. Arai, M. Tabata, Empirical Equations for the Sauter
Mean Diameter of a Diesel Spray, SAE Technical Paper 890464.
[92] H. Hiruyasu, T. Kadota, Fuel Droplet Size Distribution in Diesel Combustion
Chamber, SAE Technical Paper 740715.
[93] P. J. O’Rourke, Collective drop effects on vaporizing liquid sprays,
Ph.D thesis, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University,
USA.
[94] Y. Maruyama, T. Chiba, M. Saito, M. Arai, Effect of the interimpingement
system, Proceedings of ILASS-Asia (2001) 241–246.
[95] C. Arcoumanis, M. Gavaises, B. French, Effect of Fuel Injection
Processes on the Structure of Diesel Sprays, SAE Technical Paper
970799.
[96] L. Martinelli, F. V. Bracco, R. D. Reitz, Comparisons of computed and
measured dense spray jets, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics
95 (1984) 484–512.
[97] D. R. Guilenbecher, C. López-Rivera, P. E. Sojka, Secondary atomization,
Experiments in Fluids 46 (2009) 371–402.
[98] T. Kekesi, G. Amberg, L. P. Wittberg, Drop deformation and breakup,
International Journal of Multiphase Flow 66 (2014) 1–10.
[99] G. Strotos, I. Malgarinos, N. Nikolopoulus, M. Gavaises, Predicting
droplet deformation and breakup for moderate Weber numbers, International
Journal of Multiphase Flow 85 (2016) 96–109.
[100] F. Xiao, Z. G.Wang, M. B. Sun, N. Liu, X. Yang, Simulation of drop deformation
and breakup in supersonic flow, Proceedings of the Combustion
Institute 36 (2017) 2417–2424.
[101] G. Strotos, I. Malgarinos, N. Nikolopoulus, M. Gavaises, Aerodynamic
breakup of an n-decane droplet in a high temperature gas environment,
Fuel 185 (2016) 370–380.
[102] K.-S. Im, K.-C. Lin, M.-C. Lai, M. S. Chon, Breakup modeling of a
liquid jet in cross flow, International Journal of Automotive Technology
12 (2011) 489–496.
[103] M. Patterson, R. D. Reitz, Modeling the Effects of Fuel Spray Characteristics
on Diesel Engine Combustion and Emission, SAE Technical
Paper 980131.
[104] L. Ricart, J. Xin, G. Bower, R. D. Reitz, In-Cylinder Measurement and
Modeling of Liquid Fuel Spray Penetration in a Heavy-Duty Diesel
Engine, SAE Technical Paper 971591.
[105] J. C. Beale, R. D. Reitz, Modeling spray atomization with the Kelvin-
Helmholtz/Rayleigh-Taylor hybrid model, Atomization and Sprays 9
(1999) 623–650.
[106] M. Marek, The double-mass model of drop deformation and secondary
breakup, Applied Mathematical Modelling 37 (2013) 7919–
7939.
[107] M. Pilch, C. A. Erdman, Use of breakup time data and velocity history
data to predict the maximum size of stable fragments for accelerationinduced
breakup of a liquid drop, International Journal of Multiphase
Flow 13 (1987) 741–757.
[108] G. I. Taylor, The shape and acceleration of a drop in a high-speed air
stream, The Scientific Papers by G. I. Taylor 3 (1963) 457–464.
[109] J. A. Nicholls, A. A. Ranger, Aerodynamic shattering of liquid drops,
Journal of American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 7
(1969) 285–290.
[110] E. A. Ibrahim, H. Q. Yang, A. J. Przekwas, Modeling of spray droplets
deformation and breakup, Journal of American Institute of Aeronautics
and Astronautics 9 (1993) 652–654.
[111] S. Som, D. E. Longman, A. I. Ramírez, S. K. Aggarwal, A comparison
of injector flow and spray characteristics of biodiesel with petrodiesel,
Fuel 89 (2010) 4014–4024.
[112] L. Bravo, C.-B. Kweon, A Review on Liquid Spray Models for Diesel
Engine Computational Analysis, Tech. rep. (2014).
[113] A. B. Liu, D. Mather, R. D. Reitz, Modeling the Effects of Drop Drag
and Breakup on Fuel Sprays, SAE Technical Paper 930072.
[114] D. M. Gonzalez, Z. Lian, R. D. Reitz, Modeling Diesel Engine Spray
Vaporization and Combustion, SAE Technical Paper 920579.
[115] A. B. Chhetri, K. C. Watts, Surface tensions of petro-diesel, canola,
jatropha and soapnut biodiesel fuels at elevated temperatures and
pressures, Fuel 104 (2013) 704–710.
[116] B. Kegl, L. Lešnik, Modeling of macroscopic mineral diesel and
biodiesel spray characteristics, Fuel 222 (2018) 810–820.
[117] F. Wang, J. Wu, Z. Liu, Surface Tensions of Mixtures of Diesel Oil or
Gasoline and Dimethoxymethane, Dimethyl Carbonate, or Ethanol,
Energy Fuels 20 (2006) 2471–2474.
[118] T. Bohl, G. Tian, A. Smallbone, A. P. Roskilly, Macroscopic spray characteristics
of next-generation bio-derived diesel fuels in comparison
to mineral diesel, Applied Energy 186 (2017) 562–573.
[119] E. A. Melo-Espinosa, Y. Sánchez-Borroto, M. Errasti, R. Piloto-
Rodrígueza, R. Sierens, J. Roger-Riba, A. Christopher-Hansen, Surface
Tension Prediction of Vegetable Oils Using Artificial Neural Networks
and Multiple Linear Regression, Energy Procedia 57 (2014)
886–895.
[120] Z. Feng, C. Zhan, C. Tang, K. Yang, Z. Huang, Experimental
investigation on spray and atomization characteristics of
diesel/gasoline/ethanol blends in high pressure common rail injection
system, Energy 112 (2016) 549–561.
[121] S. N. Sahasrabudhe, V. Rodriquez-Martinez, M. O’Meara, B. E.
Farkas, Density, viscosity, and surface tension of five vegetable oils
at elevated temperatures: Measurement and modeling, International
Journal of Food Properties 20 (2017) 1965–1981.
[122] W. Zhao, L. Fan, Q. Dong, X. Ma, Study of Fuel Temperature Dynamic
Characteristics for Diesel Engine Combination Electronic Unit Pump,
Journal of Marine Science and Technology 25 (2017) 220–229.
[123] N. Ashgriz, J. Y. Poo, Coalescence and separation in binary collisions
of liquid drops, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 221 (1990) 183–204.
[124] O. O. Taskiran, M. Ergeneman, Trajectory based droplet collision
model for spray modeling, Fuel 115 (2014) 896–900.
[125] G. H. Ko, H. S. Ryou, Droplet collision processes in an inter-spray
impingement system, Journal of Aerosol Science 36 (2005) 1300–
1321.
Union Directives on the Use of Liquid Biofuel in the Transport
Sector, Procedia Engineering (2017) 30–39.
[2] J. Xue, T. E. Grift, A. C. Hansen, Effect of biodiesel on engine performances
and emissions, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
15 (2011) 1098–1116.
[3] H. Hazar, Effects of biodiesel on a low heat loss diesel engine, Renewable
Energy 34 (2009) 1533–1537.
[4] A. N. Ozsezen, M. Canakci, A. Turkcan, C. Sayin, Performance and
combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with waste
palm oil and canola oil methyl esters, Fuel 88 (2009) 629–636.
[5] Z. Utlu, M. S. Koçak, The effect of biodiesel fuel obtained from waste
frying oil on direct injection diesel engine performance and exhaust
emissions, Renewable Energy 33 (2008) 1936–1941.
[6] H. Ozgunay, S. Çolak, G. Zengin, O. Sari, H. Sarikahya, L. Yuceer,
Performance and emission study of biodiesel from leather industry
pre-fleshings, Waste Management 27 (2007) 1897–1901.
[7] C. Kaplan, R. Arslan, A. Surmen, Performance characteristics of sunflower
methyl esters as biodiesel, Energy Sources Part A Recovery
Utilization and Environmental Effects 28 (2006) 751–755.
[8] J. F. Reyes, M. A. Sepúlveda, PM-10 emissions and power of a diesel
engine fueled with crude and refined biodiesel from salmon oil, Fuel
85 (2006) 1714–1719.
[9] H. Raheman, A. G. Phadatare, Diesel engine emissions and performance
from blends of karanja methyl ester and diesel, Biomass and
Bioenergy 27 (2004) 393–397.
[10] Y. Ulusoy, Y. Tekin, M. Cetinkaya, F. Karaosmanoglu, The engine tests
of biodiesel from used frying oil, Energy Sources 26 (2004) 927–932.
[11] S.-H. Choi, Y. Oh, The emission effects by the use of biodiesel fuel,
International Journal of Modern Physics B 20 (2006) 4481–4486.
[12] B.-F. Lin, J.-H. Huang, D.-Y. Huan, Experimental study of the effects
of vegetable oil methyl ester on DI diesel engine performance characteristics
and pollutant emissions, Fuel 88 (2009) 1779–1785.
[13] D. H. Qi, L. M. Geng, H. Chen, Y. Z. H. Bian, J. Liu, X. C. H. Ren,
Combustion and performance evaluation of a diesel engine fueled
with biodiesel produced from soybean crude oil, Renewable Energy
34 (2009) 2706–2713.
[14] M. Lapuerta, J. M. Herreros, L. L. Lyons, R. García-Contreras,
Y. Briceño, Effect of the alcohol type used in the production of waste
cooking oil biodiesel on diesel performance and emissions, Fuel 87
(2008) 3161–3169.
[15] H. Kim, B. Choi, The effect of biodiesel and bioethanol blended diesel
fuel on nanoparticles and exhaust emissions from CRDI diesel engine,
Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 157–163.
[16] X. Meng, G. Chen, Y. Wang, Biodiesel production from waste cooking
oil via alkali catalyst and its engine test, Fuel Processing Technology
89 (2008) 851–857.
[17] A. Hull, I. Golubkov, B. Kronberg, J. van Stam, Alternative fuel for a
standard diesel engine, International Journal of Engine Research 7
(2006) 51–63.
[18] M. Gumus, S. Kasifoglu, Performance and emission evaluation of a
compression ignition engine using a biodiesel (apricot seed kernel oil
methyl ester) and its blends with diesel fuel, Biomass and Bioenergy
34 (2010) 134–139.
[19] A. Pal, A. Verma, S. S. Kachhwaha, S. Maji, Biodiesel production
through hydrodynamic cavitation and performance testing, Renewable
Energy 35 (2010) 619–624.
[20] A. S. Ramadhas, C. Muraleedharan, S. Jayaraj, Performance and
emission evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with methyl esters of
rubber seed oil, Renewable Energy 30 (2005) 1789–1800.
[21] D. Sharma, S. L. Soni, J. Mathur, Emission reduction in a direct injection
diesel engine fueled by neem-diesel blend, Energy Reports 31
(2009) 500–508.
[22] M. Guru, A. Koca, O. Can, C. Çınar, F. S¸ ahin, Biodiesel production
from waste chicken fat based sources and evaluation with Mg based
additive in a diesel engine, Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 637–643.
[23] L. Zhu, W. Zhang, W. Liu, Z. Hunag, Experimental study on particulate
and NOx emissions of a diesel engine fueled with ultra low sulfur
diesel, RME-diesel blends and PME-diesel blends, Science of Total
Environment 408 (2010) 1050–1058.
[24] K. Ryu, The characteristics of performance and exhaust emissions
of a diesel engine using a biodiesel with antioxidants, Bioresource
Technology 101 (2010) S78–S82.
[25] J. M. Luján, V. Bermúdez, B. Tormos, B. Pla, Comparative analysis
of a DI diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel blends during the European
MVEG-A cycle: Performance and emissions (II), Biomass and
Bioenergy 33 (2009) 948–956.
[26] C. S. Cheung, L. Zhu, Z. Huang, Regulated and unregulated emissions
from a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and biodiesel blended
with methanol, Atmospheric Environment 43 (2009) 4865–4872.
[27] S. J. Deshmukh, L. B. Bhuyar, Transesterified Hingan (Balanites) oil
as a fuel for compression ignition engines, Biomass and Bioenergy
33 (2009) 108–112.
[28] A. Tsolakis, A. Megaritis, M. L. Wyszynski, K. Theinnoi, Engine performance
and emissions of a diesel engine operating on diesel-RME
(rapeseed methyl ester) blends with EGR (exhaust gas recirculation),
Energy 32 (2007) 2072–2080.
[29] H. Raheman, S. V. Ghadge, Performance of compression ignition engine
with mahua (Madhuca indica) biodiesel, Fuel 86 (2007) 2568–
2573.
[30] D. Agarwal, S. Sinha, A. K. Agarwal, Experimental investigation of
control of NOx emissions in biodiesel-fueled compression ignition engine,
Renewable Energy 31 (2006) 2356–2369.
[31] S. Puhan, N. Vedaraman, V. B. R. Boppana, J. Jeychandran,
G. Sankarnarayanan, Mahua oil (Madhuca Indica seed oil) methyl ester
as biodiesel-preparation and emissioon characterstics, Biomass
and Bioenergy 28 (2005) 87–93.
[32] M. Canakci, Performance and emissions characteristics of biodiesel
from soybean oil, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,
Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219 (2005) 915–
922.
[33] M. Canakci, J. H. van Gerpen, Comparison of engine performance
and emissions for petroleum diesel fuel, yellow grease biodiesel, and
soybean oil biodiesel, Transactions of the ASAE 46 (2003) 937–944.
[34] A. Senatore, M. Cardone, V. Rocco, M. V. Prati, A Comparative Analysis
of Combustion Process in D.I. Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel
and Diesel Fuel, SAE paper 2000 1 (2000) 0691.
[35] M. J. Haas, K. M. Wagner, T. L. Alleman, R. L. McCormick, Engine
performance of biodiesel fuel prepared from soybean soapstock: a
high quality renewable fuel produced from a waste feedstock, Energy
& Fuels 15 (2001) 1207–1212.
[36] P. K. Sahoo, L. M. Das, M. K. G. Babu, S. N. Naik, Biodiesel development
from high acid value polanga seed oil and performance
evaluation in a CI engine, Fuel 86 (2007) 448–454.
[37] B. Baiju, M. K. Naik, L. M. Das, A comparative evaluation of compression
ignition engine characteristics using methyl and ethyl esters
of Karanja oil, Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 1616–1621.
[38] F. Wu, J. Wang, W. Chen, S. Shuai, A study on emission performance
of a diesel engine fueled with five typical methyl ester biodiesels, Atmospheric
Environment 43 (2009) 1481–1485.
[39] Y. Ulusoy, R. Arslan, C. Kaplan, Emission characteristics of sunflower
oil methyl ester, Energy Sources Part A 11 (2009) 906–910.
[40] C.-Y. Lin, R.-J. Li, Engine performance and emission characteristics
of marine fish-oil biodiesel produced from the discarded parts of marine
fish, Fuel Processing Technology 90 (2009) 883–888.
[41] D. Tziourtzioumis, L. Demetriades, O. Zogou, T. Stamatelos, Experimental
investigation of the effect of a B70 biodiesel blend on a
common-rail passenger car diesel engine, Proceedings of the Institution
of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering
223 (2009) 685–701.
[42] M. Zheng, M. C. Mulenga, G. T. Reader, M. Wang, D. S.-K. Ting,
J. Tjong, Biodiesel engine performance and emissions in low temperature
combustion, Fuel 87 (2008) 714–722.
[43] M. E. Tat, J. H. van Gerpen, P. S. Wang, Fuel Property Effects
on Injection Timing, Ignition Timing and Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions
from Biodiesel-Fueled Engines, Transactions ASABE 50 (2007)
1123–1128.
[44] S. Kalligeros, F. Zannikos, S. Stournas, E. Lois, G. Anastopoulus,
C. Teas, F. Sakellaropoulos, An investigation of using
biodiesel/marine diesel blends on the performance of a stationary
diesel engine, Biomass and Bioenergy 24 (2003) 141–149.
[45] M. Lapuerta, O. Armas, R. Ballestros, Diesel particulate emissions
from biofuels derived from Spanish vegetable oils, SAE Paper 2002
1 (2002) 1657.
[46] H. Jung, D. B. Kittelson, M. R. Zachariah, Characteristics of SME
biodiesel-fueled diesel particle emissions and the kinetics of oxidation,
Environmental Science Technologies 40 (2006) 4949–4955.
[47] A. Monyem, J. H. van Gerpen, The effect of biodiesel oxidation on engine
performance and emissions, Biomass and Bioenergy 20 (2001)
317–325.
[48] M. S. Graboski, R. L. McCormick, T. L. Alleman, A. M. Herring, The
effect of biodiesel composition on engine emissions from a DDC series
60 diesel engine, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2003)
NREL/SR–510–31461.
[49] W. G. Wang, D. W. Lyons, N. N. Clark, M. Gautam, Emissions from
nine heavy trucks fuelled by diesel and biodiesel blend without engine
modification, Environmental Science and Technology 34.
[50] M. Cardone, M. V. Prati, V. Rocco, M. Seggiani, A. Senatore, S. Vitolo,
Brassica carinata as an alternative oil crop for the production of
biodiesel in italy engine performance and regulated and unregulated
exhaust emissions, Environmental Science & Technology 36 (2002)
4656–4662.
[51] N. Y. Kado, P. A. Kuzmicky, Progress in Energy and Combustion
Science, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2003) NREL/SR–
510–31463.
[52] M. Lapuerta, O. Armas, R. Ballestros, M. Carmona, Fuel formulation
effects on passenger car diesel engine particulate emissions and
composition, SAE Paper 2000 (2000) 1850.
[53] O. Armas, J. J. Hernández, M. D. Cárdenas, Reduction of diesel
smoke opacity from vegetable oil methyl esters during transient operation,
Fuel 85 (2006) 2427–2438.
[54] K. Yamane, A. Ueta, Y. Shimamoto, Influence of physical and chemical
properties of biodiesel fuels on injection, combustin and exhaust
emission characteristics in a direct injection compression ignition engine,
International Journal of Engine Research 2 (2001) 249–261.
[55] M. Lapuerta, O. Armas, J. M. Herreros, Emissions from a dieselbiodiesel
blend in an automotive diesel engine, Fuel 1 (2008) 25–31.
[56] M. Lapuerta, O. Armas, R. Ballesteros, J. Fernández, Diesel emissions
from biofuels derived from Spanish potential vegetable oils,
Fuel 84 (2005) 773–780.
[57] K. Dincer, Lower Emissions from Biodiesel Combustion, Energy
Sources 30 (2008) 963–968.
[58] G. Fontaras, G. Karavalakis, M. Kousoulidou, T. Tzamkiozis, L. Ntziachristos,
E. Bakeas, S. Stournas, Z. Samaras, Effects of biodiesel
on passenger car fuel consumption, regulated and non-regulated pollutant
emissions over legislated and real-world driving cycles, Fuel 88
(1608-1617) 2009.
[59] T. Bohl, A. Smallbone, G. Tian, A. P. Roskilly, Particulate number and
NOx trade-off comparisons between HVO and mineral diesel in HD
applications, Fuel 215 (2018) 90–101.
[60] C. Vo, C. Charoenphonphanich, P. Karin, S. Susumu, K. Hidenori,
Effects of variable O2 concentrations and injection pressures on the
combustion and emissions characteristics of the petro-diesel and hydrotreated
vegetable oil-based fuels under the simulated diesel engine
condition, Journal of the Energy Institute 91 (2018) 1071–1084.
[61] G. Brenn, Droplet collision. Handbook of atomization and sprays: theory
and applications, Nasser Ashgriz, 2011.
[62] N. Nikolopoulos, K.-S. Nikas, G. Bergeles, A numerical investigation
of central binary collision of droplets, Computers & Fluids 38 (2009)
1191–1202.
[63] M. R. H. Nobari, J. Jan, G. Tryggvason, Head-on collision of drops -
a numerical investigation, Physics of Fluids 8 (1995) 29–42.
[64] J. Li, Macroscopic Model for Head-On Binary Droplet Collisions in a
Gaseous Medium, Physics Review Letters 117.
[65] M. Liu, D. Bothe, Numerical study of head-on droplet collisions at high
Weber numbers, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 789 (2016) 785–805.
[66] J. Qian, C. K. Law, Regimes of coalescence and separation in droplet
collision, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 331 (1997) 59–80.
[67] R. S. Volkov, G. V. Kuznetsov, P. A. Strizhak, Statistical analysis of
consequences of collisions between two water droplets upon their
motion in a high-temperature gas flow, Technical Physics Letters 41
(2015) 840–843.
[68] D. V. Antonov, R. S. Volkov, G. V. Kuznetsov, P. A. Strizhak, Experimental
Study of the Effects of Collision of Water Droplets in a Flow of
High-Temperature Gases, Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics
89 (2016) 100–111.
[69] R. D. Reitz, F. V. Bracco, Mechanisms of Breakup of Round Liquid
Jets, The Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics 3 (1986) 223–249.
[70] R. D. Reitz, Modeling atomization processes in high-pressure vaporizing
sprays, Atomisation and Spray Technology 3 (1987) 309–337.
[71] P. O’Rourke, A. Amsden, The Tab Method for Numerical Calculation
of Spray Droplet Breakup, SAE Technical Paper 872089.
[72] Diesel-Egnine Management, 4th Edition, Robert Bosch GmbH, 2006.
[73] S. Budavari, The Merck index : an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs,
and biologicals, Whitehouse Station, N.J Merck, 2001.
[74] X. Jiang, A. J. James, Head-on collision of two equal-sized drops with
van der Waals forces, Advances in Fluid Mechanics 37.
[75] M. Saroka, N. Ashgriz, M. Movassat, Numerical Investigation of
Head-on Binary Drop Collisions in a Dynamically Inert Environment,
Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics 5 (2012) 23–37.
[76] K. G. Krishnan, E. Loth, Effects of gas and droplet characteristics on
drop-drop collision outcome regimes, International Journal of Multiphase
Flow 77 (2015) 171–186.
[77] Y. R. Zhang, X. Z. Jiang, K. H. Luo, Bounce regime of droplet collisions:
A molecular dynamics study, Journal of Computational Science
17 (2016) 457–462.
[78] J.-P. Estrade, H. Carentz, G. Lavergne, Y. Biscos, Experimental investigation
of dynamic binary collision of ethanol droplets – a model
for droplet coalescence and bouncing, International Journal of Heat
and Fluid Flow 20 (1999) 486–491.
[79] M. Ashna, M. H. Rahimian, LMB simulation of head-on collision of
evaporating and burning droplets in coalescence regime, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 109 (2017) 520–536.
[80] C. Focke, M. Kuschel, M. Sommerfeld, D. Bothe, Collision between
high and low viscosity droplets: Direct Numerical Simulations and
experiments, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 56 (2013) 81–
92.
[81] S. Kim, D. J. Lee, C. S. Lee, Modeling of binary droplet collisions
for application to inter-impingement sprays, International Journal of
Multiphase Flow 35 (2009) 533–549.
[82] L. F. R. S. Rayleigh, On the instability of jets, London Mathematical
Society.
[83] A. M. Worthington, A Study of Splashes, Longmans, 1908.
[84] A. Munnanur, R. D. Reitz, A new predictive model for fragmenting
and non-fragmenting binary droplet collisions, International Journal
of Multiphase Flow 33 (2007) 873–896.
[85] S. L. Post, J. Abraham, Modeling the outcome of drop–drop collisions
in Diesel sprays, International Journal of Multiphase Flow 28 (2002)
997–1019.
[86] F. V. Bracco, Modeling of engine sprays, SAE Transactions 94 (1985)
144–167.
[87] D. L. Siebers, Liquid-phase fuel penetration in Diesel sprays, SAE
Technical Paper 980809.
[88] H. Liu, Science and Engineering of Droplets, William Andrew Inc.,
1999.
[89] S. Hou, D. P. Schmidt, Adaptive collision meshing and satellite droplet
formation in spray simulations, International Journal of Multiphase
Flow 32 (2006) 935–956.
[90] H. Hiroyasu, M. Arai, Structures of Fuel Sprays in Diesel Engines,
SAE Technical Paper 900475.
[91] H. Hiroyasu, M. Arai, M. Tabata, Empirical Equations for the Sauter
Mean Diameter of a Diesel Spray, SAE Technical Paper 890464.
[92] H. Hiruyasu, T. Kadota, Fuel Droplet Size Distribution in Diesel Combustion
Chamber, SAE Technical Paper 740715.
[93] P. J. O’Rourke, Collective drop effects on vaporizing liquid sprays,
Ph.D thesis, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University,
USA.
[94] Y. Maruyama, T. Chiba, M. Saito, M. Arai, Effect of the interimpingement
system, Proceedings of ILASS-Asia (2001) 241–246.
[95] C. Arcoumanis, M. Gavaises, B. French, Effect of Fuel Injection
Processes on the Structure of Diesel Sprays, SAE Technical Paper
970799.
[96] L. Martinelli, F. V. Bracco, R. D. Reitz, Comparisons of computed and
measured dense spray jets, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics
95 (1984) 484–512.
[97] D. R. Guilenbecher, C. López-Rivera, P. E. Sojka, Secondary atomization,
Experiments in Fluids 46 (2009) 371–402.
[98] T. Kekesi, G. Amberg, L. P. Wittberg, Drop deformation and breakup,
International Journal of Multiphase Flow 66 (2014) 1–10.
[99] G. Strotos, I. Malgarinos, N. Nikolopoulus, M. Gavaises, Predicting
droplet deformation and breakup for moderate Weber numbers, International
Journal of Multiphase Flow 85 (2016) 96–109.
[100] F. Xiao, Z. G.Wang, M. B. Sun, N. Liu, X. Yang, Simulation of drop deformation
and breakup in supersonic flow, Proceedings of the Combustion
Institute 36 (2017) 2417–2424.
[101] G. Strotos, I. Malgarinos, N. Nikolopoulus, M. Gavaises, Aerodynamic
breakup of an n-decane droplet in a high temperature gas environment,
Fuel 185 (2016) 370–380.
[102] K.-S. Im, K.-C. Lin, M.-C. Lai, M. S. Chon, Breakup modeling of a
liquid jet in cross flow, International Journal of Automotive Technology
12 (2011) 489–496.
[103] M. Patterson, R. D. Reitz, Modeling the Effects of Fuel Spray Characteristics
on Diesel Engine Combustion and Emission, SAE Technical
Paper 980131.
[104] L. Ricart, J. Xin, G. Bower, R. D. Reitz, In-Cylinder Measurement and
Modeling of Liquid Fuel Spray Penetration in a Heavy-Duty Diesel
Engine, SAE Technical Paper 971591.
[105] J. C. Beale, R. D. Reitz, Modeling spray atomization with the Kelvin-
Helmholtz/Rayleigh-Taylor hybrid model, Atomization and Sprays 9
(1999) 623–650.
[106] M. Marek, The double-mass model of drop deformation and secondary
breakup, Applied Mathematical Modelling 37 (2013) 7919–
7939.
[107] M. Pilch, C. A. Erdman, Use of breakup time data and velocity history
data to predict the maximum size of stable fragments for accelerationinduced
breakup of a liquid drop, International Journal of Multiphase
Flow 13 (1987) 741–757.
[108] G. I. Taylor, The shape and acceleration of a drop in a high-speed air
stream, The Scientific Papers by G. I. Taylor 3 (1963) 457–464.
[109] J. A. Nicholls, A. A. Ranger, Aerodynamic shattering of liquid drops,
Journal of American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 7
(1969) 285–290.
[110] E. A. Ibrahim, H. Q. Yang, A. J. Przekwas, Modeling of spray droplets
deformation and breakup, Journal of American Institute of Aeronautics
and Astronautics 9 (1993) 652–654.
[111] S. Som, D. E. Longman, A. I. Ramírez, S. K. Aggarwal, A comparison
of injector flow and spray characteristics of biodiesel with petrodiesel,
Fuel 89 (2010) 4014–4024.
[112] L. Bravo, C.-B. Kweon, A Review on Liquid Spray Models for Diesel
Engine Computational Analysis, Tech. rep. (2014).
[113] A. B. Liu, D. Mather, R. D. Reitz, Modeling the Effects of Drop Drag
and Breakup on Fuel Sprays, SAE Technical Paper 930072.
[114] D. M. Gonzalez, Z. Lian, R. D. Reitz, Modeling Diesel Engine Spray
Vaporization and Combustion, SAE Technical Paper 920579.
[115] A. B. Chhetri, K. C. Watts, Surface tensions of petro-diesel, canola,
jatropha and soapnut biodiesel fuels at elevated temperatures and
pressures, Fuel 104 (2013) 704–710.
[116] B. Kegl, L. Lešnik, Modeling of macroscopic mineral diesel and
biodiesel spray characteristics, Fuel 222 (2018) 810–820.
[117] F. Wang, J. Wu, Z. Liu, Surface Tensions of Mixtures of Diesel Oil or
Gasoline and Dimethoxymethane, Dimethyl Carbonate, or Ethanol,
Energy Fuels 20 (2006) 2471–2474.
[118] T. Bohl, G. Tian, A. Smallbone, A. P. Roskilly, Macroscopic spray characteristics
of next-generation bio-derived diesel fuels in comparison
to mineral diesel, Applied Energy 186 (2017) 562–573.
[119] E. A. Melo-Espinosa, Y. Sánchez-Borroto, M. Errasti, R. Piloto-
Rodrígueza, R. Sierens, J. Roger-Riba, A. Christopher-Hansen, Surface
Tension Prediction of Vegetable Oils Using Artificial Neural Networks
and Multiple Linear Regression, Energy Procedia 57 (2014)
886–895.
[120] Z. Feng, C. Zhan, C. Tang, K. Yang, Z. Huang, Experimental
investigation on spray and atomization characteristics of
diesel/gasoline/ethanol blends in high pressure common rail injection
system, Energy 112 (2016) 549–561.
[121] S. N. Sahasrabudhe, V. Rodriquez-Martinez, M. O’Meara, B. E.
Farkas, Density, viscosity, and surface tension of five vegetable oils
at elevated temperatures: Measurement and modeling, International
Journal of Food Properties 20 (2017) 1965–1981.
[122] W. Zhao, L. Fan, Q. Dong, X. Ma, Study of Fuel Temperature Dynamic
Characteristics for Diesel Engine Combination Electronic Unit Pump,
Journal of Marine Science and Technology 25 (2017) 220–229.
[123] N. Ashgriz, J. Y. Poo, Coalescence and separation in binary collisions
of liquid drops, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 221 (1990) 183–204.
[124] O. O. Taskiran, M. Ergeneman, Trajectory based droplet collision
model for spray modeling, Fuel 115 (2014) 896–900.
[125] G. H. Ko, H. S. Ryou, Droplet collision processes in an inter-spray
impingement system, Journal of Aerosol Science 36 (2005) 1300–
1321.
Published
2019-10-18
How to Cite
KÄGO, Riho et al.
A Review of the Behavior of Fuel Drops in a Fuel Spray in the Context of Biofuels.
Journal of Power Technologies, [S.l.], v. 99, n. 3, p. 218–230, oct. 2019.
ISSN 2083-4195.
Available at: <https://papers.itc.pw.edu.pl/index.php/JPT/article/view/1488>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
Issue
Section
Combustion and Fuel Processing
Keywords
biodiesel, fuel drop size, FAME, HVO, diesel engine
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
