On the Combustion of Premixed Gasoline—Natural Gas Dual Fuel Blends in an Optical SI engine
Abstract
Natural Gas (NG) is a promising alternative fuel. Historically, the slow burning velocity of NG poses significant challenges forits utilisation in energy efficient Spark Ignited (SI) engines. It has been experimentally observed that a binary blend of NGand gasoline has the potential to accelerate the combustion process in an SI engine, resulting in a faster combustion even incomparison to that of the base fuels. The mechanism of such effects remains unclear. In this work, an optical diagnosis hasbeen integrated with in-cylinder pressure analysis to investigate the mechanism of flame velocity and stability with the additionof NG to gasoline in a binary Dual Fuel (DF) blend. Experiments were performed under a sweep of engine load, quantified bythe engine intake Manifold Air Pressure (MAP) (0.44, 0.51. 0.61 bar) and equivalence air to fuel ratio ( = 0.8, 0.83, 1, 1.25).NG was added to a gasoline fuelled engine in three different energy ratios 25%, 50% and 75%. The results showed thatwithin the flamelet combustion regime, the effect of Markstein length dominates the lean burn combustion process both froma stability and velocity prospective. The effect of the laminar burning velocity on the combustion process gradually increasesas the air fuel ratio shifts from stoichiometric to fuel rich values.References
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and pressures in an explosion bomb, Combustion and flame
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and Flame 31 (1978) 209–211.
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doi:10.1080/00102208308923638.
URL https://doi.org/10.1080/00102208308923638
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flamelets, Progress in energy and combustion science 26 (4-6) (2000)
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constant-pressure expanding flames, Proceedings of the Combustion
Institute 35 (2) (2015) 1331–1339.
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Press, 2012.
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the laminar burning velocities and markstein lengths of methane and
prf95 dual fuels, Energy & Fuels 30 (8) (2016) 6777–6789.
[30] M. Baloo, B. M. Dariani, M. Akhlaghi, I. Chitsaz, Effect of isooctane/
methane blend on laminar burning velocity and flame instability,
Fuel 144 (2015) 264–273.
[31] M. Baloo, B. M. Dariani, M. Akhlaghi, M. AghaMirsalim, Effects of pressure
and temperature on laminar burning velocity and flame instability
of iso-octane/methane fuel blend, Fuel 170 (2016) 235–244.
[32] P. Brequigny, F. Halter, C. Mounaïm-Rousselle, B. Moreau, T. Dubois,
Thermodiffusive effect on the flame development in lean burn spark
ignition engine, Tech. rep., SAE Technical Paper (2014).
[33] P. Brequigny, C. Mounaïm-Rousselle, F. Halter, B. Moreau, T. Dubois,
Impact of fuel properties and flame stretch on the turbulent flame
speed in spark-ignition engines, Tech. rep., SAE Technical Paper
(2013).
[34] D. Butcher, A. Spencer, R. Chen, Influence of asymmetric valve strategy
on large-scale and turbulent in-cylinder flows, International Journal
of Engine Research (2017) 1468087417725232.
[35] D. Goodwin, H. K. Moffat, R. L. Speth, Cantera: An object-oriented
software toolkit for chemical kinetics, thermodynamics, and transport
processes. version 2.2. 1, Cantera Developers, Warrenville, IL.
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Heat release analysis of engine pressure data, Tech. rep., SAE
Technical paper (1984).
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of boost on emissions and combustion in an sgdi-engine operated
in stratified mode, Tech. rep., SAE Technical Paper (2015).
[38] K. Hamai, H. Kawajiri, T. Ishizuka, M. Nakai, Combustion fluctuation
mechanism involving cycle-to-cycle spark ignition variation due to gas
flow motion in si engines, in: Symposium (International) on Combustion,
Vol. 21, Elsevier, 1988, pp. 505–512.
[39] P. G. Aleiferis, A. M. Taylor, J. H. Whitelaw, K. Ishii, Y. Urata, Cyclic
variations of initial flame kernel growth in a honda vtec-e lean-burn
spark-ignition engine, SAE transactions (2000) 1340–1380.
[40] G. Beretta, M. Rashidi, J. Keck, Turbulent flame propagation and combustion
in spark ignition engines, Combustion and flame 52 (1983)
217–245.
[41] B. Galmiche, F. Halter, F. Foucher, Effects of high pressure, high
temperature and dilution on laminar burning velocities and markstein
lengths of iso-octane/air mixtures, Combustion and Flame 159 (11)
(2012) 3286–3299.
[42] P. Aleiferis, J. Malcolm, A. Todd, A. Cairns, H. Hoffmann, An optical
study of spray development and combustion of ethanol, iso-octane
and gasoline blends in a disi engine, Tech. rep., SAE Technical Paper
(2008).
[43] C. Poggiani, A. Cimarello, M. Battistoni, C. N. Grimaldi, M. A. Dal Re,
M. De Cesare, Optical investigations on a multiple spark ignition system
for lean engine operation, Tech. rep., SAE Technical Paper (2016).
[44] K. Nakata, N. Sasaki, A. Ota, K. Kawatake, The effect of fuel properties
on thermal efficiency of advanced spark-ignition engines, International
Journal of Engine Research 12 (3) (2011) 274–281.
single cylinder engine fuelled by a mixture of natural gas and gasoline,
Tech. rep., SAE Technical Paper (1990).
[2] S. Di Iorio, P. Sementa, B. M. Vaglieco, Experimental investigation of a
methane-gasoline dual-fuel combustion in a small displacement optical
engine, Tech. rep., SAE Technical Paper (2013).
[3] S. Di Iorio, P. Sementa, B. M. Vaglieco, F. Catapano, An experimental
investigation on combustion and engine performance and emissions of
a methane-gasoline dual-fuel optical engine, Tech. rep., SAE Technical
Paper (2014).
[4] F. Catapano, S. Di Iorio, P. Sementa, B. M. Vaglieco, Experimental
analysis of a gasoline pfi-methane di dual fuel and an air assisted combustion
of a transparent small displacement si engine, Tech. rep., SAE
Technical Paper (2015).
[5] S. Petrakides, R. Chen, D. Gao, H. Wei, Experimental study on stoichiometric
laminar flame velocities and markstein lengths of methane
and prf95 dual fuels, Fuel 182 (2016) 721–731.
[6] G. Tian, R. Daniel, H. Li, H. Xu, S. Shuai, P. Richards, Laminar burning
velocities of 2, 5-dimethylfuran compared with ethanol and gasoline,
Energy & Fuels 24 (7) (2010) 3898–3905.
[7] S. Jerzembeck, N. Peters, P. Pepiot-Desjardins, H. Pitsch, Laminar
burning velocities at high pressure for primary reference fuels and
gasoline: Experimental and numerical investigation, Combustion and
Flame 156 (2) (2009) 292–301.
[8] D. Bradley, R. Hicks, M. Lawes, C. Sheppard, R. Woolley, The measurement
of laminar burning velocities and markstein numbers for isooctane–
air and iso-octane–n-heptane–air mixtures at elevated temperatures
and pressures in an explosion bomb, Combustion and flame
115 (1-2) (1998) 126–144.
[9] O. Mannaa, M. S. Mansour, W. L. Roberts, S. H. Chung, Laminar
burning velocities at elevated pressures for gasoline and gasoline surrogates
associated with ron, Combustion and Flame 162 (6) (2015)
2311–2321.
[10] J. Beeckmann, O. Röhl, N. Peters, Numerical and experimental investigation
of laminar burning velocities of iso-octane, ethanol and nbutanol,
Tech. rep., SAE Technical Paper (2009).
[11] X. J. Gu, M. Z. Haq, M. Lawes, R. Woolley, Laminar burning velocity
and markstein lengths of methane–air mixtures, Combustion and flame
121 (1-2) (2000) 41–58.
[12] G. Rozenchan, D. Zhu, C. Law, S. Tse, Outward propagation, burning
velocities, and chemical effects of methane flames up to 60 atm,
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 29 (2) (2002) 1461–1470.
[13] M. Hassan, K. Aung, G. Faeth, Measured and predicted properties of
laminar premixed methane/air flames at various pressures, Combustion
and Flame 115 (4) (1998) 539–550.
[14] P. Brequigny, F. Halter, C. Mounaïm-Rousselle, T. Dubois, Fuel performances
in spark-ignition (si) engines: Impact of flame stretch, Combustion
and Flame 166 (2016) 98–112.
[15] P. Aleiferis, J. Serras-Pereira, D. Richardson, Characterisation of flame
development with ethanol, butanol, iso-octane, gasoline and methane
in a direct-injection spark-ignition engine, Fuel 109 (2013) 256–278.
[16] J. Serras-Pereira, P. Aleiferis, D. Richardson, An analysis of the
combustion behavior of ethanol, butanol, iso-octane, gasoline, and
methane in a direct-injection spark-ignition research engine, Combustion
Science and Technology 185 (3) (2013) 484–513.
[17] P. G. Aleiferis, M. K. Behringer, Flame front analysis of ethanol, butanol,
iso-octane and gasoline in a spark-ignition engine using laser
tomography and integral length scale measurements, Combustion and
Flame 162 (12) (2015) 4533–4552.
[18] J. Sevik, M. Pamminger, T. Wallner, R. Scarcelli, R. Reese, A. Iqbal,
B. Boyer, S. Wooldridge, C. Hall, S. Miers, Performance, efficiency
and emissions assessment of natural gas direct injection compared to
gasoline and natural gas port-fuel injection in an automotive engine,
SAE International Journal of Engines 9 (2) (2016) 1130–1142.
[19] A. Catania, D. Misul, E. Spessa, A. Vassallo, Analysis of combustion
parameters and their relation to operating variables and exhaust emissions
in an upgraded multivalve bi-fuel cng si engine, Tech. rep., SAE
Technical Paper (2004).
[20] B. Karlovitz, D. Denniston Jr, D. Knapschaefer, F. Wells, Studies on
turbulent flames: A. flame propagation across velocity gradients b.
turbulence measurement in flames, in: Symposium (international) on
combustion, Vol. 4, Elsevier, 1953, pp. 613–620.
[21] G. Markstein, Non-steady flame propagation (1964).
[22] P. Clavin, Dynamic behavior of premixed flame fronts in laminar and
turbulent flows, Progress in energy and combustion science 11 (1)
(1985) 1–59.
[23] R. A. Strehlow, L. D. Savage, The concept of flame stretch, Combustion
and Flame 31 (1978) 209–211.
[24] M. MATALON, On flame stretch, Combustion Science
and Technology 31 (3-4) (1983) 169–181.
arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1080/00102208308923638,
doi:10.1080/00102208308923638.
URL https://doi.org/10.1080/00102208308923638
[25] S. Chung, C. Law, An invariant derivation of flame stretch.
[26] C. Law, C. Sung, Structure, aerodynamics, and geometry of premixed
flamelets, Progress in energy and combustion science 26 (4-6) (2000)
459–505.
[27] S. Chaudhuri, A. Saha, C. K. Law, On flame–turbulence interaction in
constant-pressure expanding flames, Proceedings of the Combustion
Institute 35 (2) (2015) 1331–1339.
[28] A. Lipatnikov, Fundamentals of premixed turbulent combustion, CRC
Press, 2012.
[29] S. Petrakides, R. Chen, D. Gao, H. Wei, Experimental investigation on
the laminar burning velocities and markstein lengths of methane and
prf95 dual fuels, Energy & Fuels 30 (8) (2016) 6777–6789.
[30] M. Baloo, B. M. Dariani, M. Akhlaghi, I. Chitsaz, Effect of isooctane/
methane blend on laminar burning velocity and flame instability,
Fuel 144 (2015) 264–273.
[31] M. Baloo, B. M. Dariani, M. Akhlaghi, M. AghaMirsalim, Effects of pressure
and temperature on laminar burning velocity and flame instability
of iso-octane/methane fuel blend, Fuel 170 (2016) 235–244.
[32] P. Brequigny, F. Halter, C. Mounaïm-Rousselle, B. Moreau, T. Dubois,
Thermodiffusive effect on the flame development in lean burn spark
ignition engine, Tech. rep., SAE Technical Paper (2014).
[33] P. Brequigny, C. Mounaïm-Rousselle, F. Halter, B. Moreau, T. Dubois,
Impact of fuel properties and flame stretch on the turbulent flame
speed in spark-ignition engines, Tech. rep., SAE Technical Paper
(2013).
[34] D. Butcher, A. Spencer, R. Chen, Influence of asymmetric valve strategy
on large-scale and turbulent in-cylinder flows, International Journal
of Engine Research (2017) 1468087417725232.
[35] D. Goodwin, H. K. Moffat, R. L. Speth, Cantera: An object-oriented
software toolkit for chemical kinetics, thermodynamics, and transport
processes. version 2.2. 1, Cantera Developers, Warrenville, IL.
[36] J. Gatowski, E. N. Balles, K. Chun, F. Nelson, J. Ekchian, J. B. Heywood,
Heat release analysis of engine pressure data, Tech. rep., SAE
Technical paper (1984).
[37] A. N. Johansson, P. Dahlander, Experimental investigation on the influence
of boost on emissions and combustion in an sgdi-engine operated
in stratified mode, Tech. rep., SAE Technical Paper (2015).
[38] K. Hamai, H. Kawajiri, T. Ishizuka, M. Nakai, Combustion fluctuation
mechanism involving cycle-to-cycle spark ignition variation due to gas
flow motion in si engines, in: Symposium (International) on Combustion,
Vol. 21, Elsevier, 1988, pp. 505–512.
[39] P. G. Aleiferis, A. M. Taylor, J. H. Whitelaw, K. Ishii, Y. Urata, Cyclic
variations of initial flame kernel growth in a honda vtec-e lean-burn
spark-ignition engine, SAE transactions (2000) 1340–1380.
[40] G. Beretta, M. Rashidi, J. Keck, Turbulent flame propagation and combustion
in spark ignition engines, Combustion and flame 52 (1983)
217–245.
[41] B. Galmiche, F. Halter, F. Foucher, Effects of high pressure, high
temperature and dilution on laminar burning velocities and markstein
lengths of iso-octane/air mixtures, Combustion and Flame 159 (11)
(2012) 3286–3299.
[42] P. Aleiferis, J. Malcolm, A. Todd, A. Cairns, H. Hoffmann, An optical
study of spray development and combustion of ethanol, iso-octane
and gasoline blends in a disi engine, Tech. rep., SAE Technical Paper
(2008).
[43] C. Poggiani, A. Cimarello, M. Battistoni, C. N. Grimaldi, M. A. Dal Re,
M. De Cesare, Optical investigations on a multiple spark ignition system
for lean engine operation, Tech. rep., SAE Technical Paper (2016).
[44] K. Nakata, N. Sasaki, A. Ota, K. Kawatake, The effect of fuel properties
on thermal efficiency of advanced spark-ignition engines, International
Journal of Engine Research 12 (3) (2011) 274–281.
Published
2019-01-30
How to Cite
PETRAKIDES, Sotiris et al.
On the Combustion of Premixed Gasoline—Natural Gas Dual Fuel Blends in an Optical SI engine.
Journal of Power Technologies, [S.l.], v. 98, n. 5, p. 387–395, jan. 2019.
ISSN 2083-4195.
Available at: <https://papers.itc.pw.edu.pl/index.php/JPT/article/view/1461>. Date accessed: 25 apr. 2024.
Issue
Section
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES & ENERGY EFFICIENCY 2018 Cyprus
Keywords
Dual Fuel; Natural Gas; Engine Combustion; Flame Stretch; Markstein Length
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