Selecting optimal pipeline diameters for a district heating network comprising branches and rings, using graph theory and cost minimization
Abstract
Choosing the right pipeline diameter is essential for both newly designed district heating (DH) networks and existing onesundergoing upgrades. A multi-stage optimization algorithm was developed for the purpose of selecting optimal diameters ofpipelines in a DH network that has a complex layout including branches and rings. The DH network was represented as a setof graphs and then as matrices, which made hydraulic and heat-and-flow calculations possible for any network layout. Theoptimization algorithm was developed as a Visual Basic program consisting of 37 macros. The program considers hydraulicresistances, heat-balance equations, capital expenditure for DH pipelines of 32 to 1,100 mm in diameter, and the operatingcost, including the costs of heat transmission losses and DH water pumping. Microsoft Excel’s Solver tool was used to solvethe non-linear optimization algorithm with constraints. To provide an example of the program’s application, the paper includescalculations used to verify the correctness of selected diameters for part of an existing DH network in a large DH system inPoland.References
[1] H. Lund, B. Möller, B. V. Mathiesen, A. Dyrelund, The role of district
heating in future renewable energy systems, Energy 35 (3) (2010)
1381–1390.
[2] D. Heating, C. C. by Country, 2005 survey, Euroheat & Power, Brussels.
[3] M. Pirouti, A. Bagdanavicius, J. Ekanayake, J. Wu, N. Jenkins, Energy
consumption and economic analyses of a district heating network, Energy
57 (2013) 149–159.
[4] E. E. Directive, Directive 2012/27/eu of the european parliament and
of the council of 25 october 2012 on energy efficiency, amending directives
2009/125/ec and 2010/30/eu and repealing directives 2004/8/ec
and 2006/32, Official Journal, L 315 (2012) 1–56.
[5] T. Nussbaumer, Combustion and co-combustion of biomass: fundamentals,
technologies, and primary measures for emission reduction,
Energy & fuels 17 (6) (2003) 1510–1521.
[6] E. Wetterlund, M. Söderström, Biomass gasification in district heating
systems–the effect of economic energy policies, Applied Energy 87 (9)
(2010) 2914–2922.
[7] I. Vallios, T. Tsoutsos, G. Papadakis, Design of biomass district heating
systems, Biomass and bioenergy 33 (4) (2009) 659–678.
[8] H. Torio, D. Schmidt, Development of system concepts for improving
the performance of a waste heat district heating network with exergy
analysis, Energy and Buildings 42 (10) (2010) 1601–1609.
[9] G. Faninger, Combined solar–biomass district heating in austria, Solar
Energy 69 (6) (2000) 425–435.
[10] D. Bauer, R. Marx, J. Nußbicker-Lux, F. Ochs, W. Heidemann,
H. Müller-Steinhagen, German central solar heating plants with seasonal
heat storage, Solar Energy 84 (4) (2010) 612–623.
[11] L. Ozgener, O. Ozgener, Monitoring of energy exergy efficiencies and
exergoeconomic parameters of geothermal district heating systems
(gdhss), Applied Energy 86 (9) (2009) 1704–1711.
[12] A. Keçeba¸s, A. Hepbasli, Conventional and advanced exergoeconomic
analyses of geothermal district heating systems, Energy and Buildings
69 (2014) 434–441.
[13] B. Rezaie, M. A. Rosen, District heating and cooling: Review of technology
and potential enhancements, Applied Energy 93 (2012) 2–10.
[14] P. Jie, N. Zhu, D. Li, Operation optimization of existing district heating
systems, Applied Thermal Engineering 78 (2015) 278–288.
[15] C. Haikarainen, F. Pettersson, H. Saxén, A model for structural and operational
optimization of distributed energy systems, Applied Thermal
Engineering 70 (1) (2014) 211–218.
[16] J. Söderman, Optimisation of structure and operation of district cooling
networks in urban regions, Applied thermal engineering 27 (16) (2007)
2665–2676.
[17] D. Dobersek, D. Goricanec, Optimisation of tree path pipe network
with nonlinear optimisation method, Applied thermal engineering 29 (8)
(2009) 1584–1591.
[18] A. Molyneaux, G. Leyland, D. Favrat, Environomic multi-objective optimisation
of a district heating network considering centralized and decentralized
heat pumps, Energy 35 (2) (2010) 751–758.
[19] A. Benonysson, B. Bøhm, H. F. Ravn, Operational optimization in a
district heating system, Energy conversion and management 36 (5)
(1995) 297–314.
[20] C. Bordin, A. Gordini, D. Vigo, An optimization approach for district
heating strategic network design, European Journal of Operational Research
252 (1) (2016) 296–307.
[21] H. Li, S. Svendsen, District heating network design and configuration
optimization with genetic algorithm, Journal of Sustainable Development
of Energy, Water and Environment Systems 1 (4) (2013) 291–
303.
[22] G. Phetteplace, Optimal design of piping systems for district heating,
Tech. rep., COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
HANOVER NH (1995).
[23] N. Yildirim, M. Toksoy, G. Gokcen, Piping network design of geothermal
district heating systems: Case study for a university campus, Energy
35 (8) (2010) 3256–3262.
[24] A. Hlebnikov, A. Siirde, A. Paist, Basics of optimal design of district
heating pipelines diameters and design examples of estonian old nonoptimised
district heating networks, Doctoral school of energy-and
geotechnology, January 15–20, Kuressaare, Estonia (2007) 149–153.
[25] A. Hlebnikov, N. Dementjeva, A. Siirde, Optimization of narva district
heating network and analysis of competitiveness of oil shale chp building
in narva., Oil Shale 26.
[26] P. Ulloa, Potential for combined heat and power and district heating
and cooling from waste-to-energy facilities in the us–learning from the
danish experience, Columbia University: Fu Foundation of School of
Engineering and Applied Science.
[27] K. Çomaklı, B. Yüksel, Ö. Çomaklı, Evaluation of energy and exergy
losses in district heating network, Applied thermal engineering 24 (7)
(2004) 1009–1017.
[28] A. Smyk, Z. Pietrzyk, Straty przenikania ciepła w sieci ciepłowniczej
w ró˙znych warunkach eksploatacyjnych, Rynek Energii (6) (2012) 46–
51.
[29] A. Smyk, Z. Pietrzyk, Dobór s´rednicy rurocia˛gów w sieci ciepłowniczej
z uwzgle˛dnieniem op-tymalnej pre˛dkos´ci wody sieciowej, Rynek Energii
(6) (2011) 98–105.
[30] H. Tol, S. Svendsen, Improving the dimensioning of piping networks
and network layouts in low-energy district heating systems connected
to low-energy buildings: A case study in roskilde, denmark, Energy
38 (1) (2012) 276–290.
[31] T. Nussbaumer, S. Thalmann, Influence of system design on heat distribution
costs in district heating, Energy 101 (2016) 496–505.
[32] M. Kayfeci, Determination of energy saving and optimum insulation
thicknesses of the heating piping systems for different insulation materials,
Energy and Buildings 69 (2014) 278–284.
[33] A. Keçeba¸s, M. A. Alkan, M. Bayhan, Thermo-economic analysis of
pipe insulation for district heating piping systems, Applied Thermal Engineering
31 (17) (2011) 3929–3937.
[34] R. Lund, S. Mohammadi, Choice of insulation standard for pipe networks
in 4 th generation district heating systems, Applied Thermal Engineering
98 (2016) 256–264.
[35] C. Snoek, L. Yang, T. Onno, S. Frederiksen, H. Korsman, Optimization
of district heating systems by maximizing building heating system temperature
differences, IEA District Heating and Cooling report (2002)
S2.
[36] O. Gudmundsson, A. Nielsen, J. Iversen, The effects of lowering the
network temperatures in existing networks, in: DHC13, the 13th international
symposium on district heating and cooling, September 3rd to,
2012, pp. 116–121.
[37] H. Gadd, S. Werner, Achieving low return temperatures from district
heating substations, Applied energy 136 (2014) 59–67.
[38] H. Zinko, B. Bøhm, H. Kristjansson, U. Ottosson, M. Rama, K. Sipila,
District heating distribution in areas with low heat demand density,
International Energy Agency.
[39] H. A. Abdel-Gawad, Optimal design of pipe networks by an improved
genetic algorithm, in: Proceedings of the Sixth International Water
Technology Conference IWTC, 2001, pp. 23–25.
[40] O. Fujiwara, B. Jenchaimahakoon, N. Edirishinghe, A modified linear
programming gradient method for optimal design of looped water distribution
networks, Water Resources Research 23 (6) (1987) 977–982.
[41] K. E. Lansey, L.W. Mays, Optimization model for water distribution system
design, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 115 (10) (1989) 1401–
1418.
[42] E. Mathews, H. Brenkman, P. Köhler, Optimization of pipe networks
using standardized pipes, R&D Journal 10 (2) (1994) 45–51.
[43] T. Fang, R. Lahdelma, Genetic optimization of multi-plant heat production
in district heating networks, Applied Energy 159 (2015) 610–619.
[44] A. Keçeba¸s, M. A. Alkan, ˙I. Yabanova, M. Yumurtacı, Energetic and
economic evaluations of geothermal district heating systems by using
ann, Energy policy 56 (2013) 558–567.
[45] A. Bejan, Entropy generation minimization: The new thermodynamics
of finite-size devices and finite-time processes, Journal of Applied
Physics 79 (3) (1996) 1191–1218.
[46] R. Laskowski, A. Rusowicz, A. Smyk, Weryfikacja ´srednicy rurek
skraplacza na podstawie minimalizacji generacji entropii, Rynek Energii
(1) (2015) 71–75.
[47] Z. Kolenda, Exergy analysis and the method of minimizing the generation
of entropy, Opportunities to improve imperfections thermodynamic
processes in the electricity supply (in Polish), PAN Publisher.
[48] J. Szargut, Problems of thermodynamics optimization, Archives of
Thermodynamics 19 (3/4) (1998) 85–94.
[49] R. Laskowski, A. Rusowicz, A. Grzebielec, Estimation of a tube diameter
in a ‘church window’condenser based on entropy generation
minimization, Archives of Thermodynamics 36 (3) (2015) 49–59.
[50] E. Mathews, P. Köhler, A numerical optimization procedure for complex
pipe and duct network design, International Journal of Numerical
Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 5 (5) (1995) 445–457.
[51] D. Connolly, B. V. Mathiesen, P. A. Østergaard, B. Möller, S. Nielsen,
H. Lund, . T. D., Heat roadmap europe, Tech. rep., Department of Development
and Planning, Aalborg University. (2013).
[52] J. Murat, A. Smyk, Dobór optymalnej s´rednicy rurocia˛gów rozgałe˛z´nopier
´scieniowej sieci w systemie ciepłowniczym zasilanym z elektrociepłowni,
Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja 46 (4) (2015)
127–134.
[53] J. Murat, A. Smyk, Dobór s´rednicy rurocia˛gów w układzie rozgałe˛z´nopier
´scieniowym dla przykładowych struktur sieci ciepłowniczej, Instal
(9) (2015) 13–19.
[54] olish Standard PN-EN 13941: Design and installation of preinsulated
bonded pipe systems for district heating., Warsaw, (2005).
[55] T. S. Wasilewski W, The mathematical model for the optimization of
thermodynamic parameters and geometric heating systems, warsaw
University of Technology, Faculty of Sanitary and Water Engineering,
Institute of Heating and Ventilation, City Warsaw 1984.
heating in future renewable energy systems, Energy 35 (3) (2010)
1381–1390.
[2] D. Heating, C. C. by Country, 2005 survey, Euroheat & Power, Brussels.
[3] M. Pirouti, A. Bagdanavicius, J. Ekanayake, J. Wu, N. Jenkins, Energy
consumption and economic analyses of a district heating network, Energy
57 (2013) 149–159.
[4] E. E. Directive, Directive 2012/27/eu of the european parliament and
of the council of 25 october 2012 on energy efficiency, amending directives
2009/125/ec and 2010/30/eu and repealing directives 2004/8/ec
and 2006/32, Official Journal, L 315 (2012) 1–56.
[5] T. Nussbaumer, Combustion and co-combustion of biomass: fundamentals,
technologies, and primary measures for emission reduction,
Energy & fuels 17 (6) (2003) 1510–1521.
[6] E. Wetterlund, M. Söderström, Biomass gasification in district heating
systems–the effect of economic energy policies, Applied Energy 87 (9)
(2010) 2914–2922.
[7] I. Vallios, T. Tsoutsos, G. Papadakis, Design of biomass district heating
systems, Biomass and bioenergy 33 (4) (2009) 659–678.
[8] H. Torio, D. Schmidt, Development of system concepts for improving
the performance of a waste heat district heating network with exergy
analysis, Energy and Buildings 42 (10) (2010) 1601–1609.
[9] G. Faninger, Combined solar–biomass district heating in austria, Solar
Energy 69 (6) (2000) 425–435.
[10] D. Bauer, R. Marx, J. Nußbicker-Lux, F. Ochs, W. Heidemann,
H. Müller-Steinhagen, German central solar heating plants with seasonal
heat storage, Solar Energy 84 (4) (2010) 612–623.
[11] L. Ozgener, O. Ozgener, Monitoring of energy exergy efficiencies and
exergoeconomic parameters of geothermal district heating systems
(gdhss), Applied Energy 86 (9) (2009) 1704–1711.
[12] A. Keçeba¸s, A. Hepbasli, Conventional and advanced exergoeconomic
analyses of geothermal district heating systems, Energy and Buildings
69 (2014) 434–441.
[13] B. Rezaie, M. A. Rosen, District heating and cooling: Review of technology
and potential enhancements, Applied Energy 93 (2012) 2–10.
[14] P. Jie, N. Zhu, D. Li, Operation optimization of existing district heating
systems, Applied Thermal Engineering 78 (2015) 278–288.
[15] C. Haikarainen, F. Pettersson, H. Saxén, A model for structural and operational
optimization of distributed energy systems, Applied Thermal
Engineering 70 (1) (2014) 211–218.
[16] J. Söderman, Optimisation of structure and operation of district cooling
networks in urban regions, Applied thermal engineering 27 (16) (2007)
2665–2676.
[17] D. Dobersek, D. Goricanec, Optimisation of tree path pipe network
with nonlinear optimisation method, Applied thermal engineering 29 (8)
(2009) 1584–1591.
[18] A. Molyneaux, G. Leyland, D. Favrat, Environomic multi-objective optimisation
of a district heating network considering centralized and decentralized
heat pumps, Energy 35 (2) (2010) 751–758.
[19] A. Benonysson, B. Bøhm, H. F. Ravn, Operational optimization in a
district heating system, Energy conversion and management 36 (5)
(1995) 297–314.
[20] C. Bordin, A. Gordini, D. Vigo, An optimization approach for district
heating strategic network design, European Journal of Operational Research
252 (1) (2016) 296–307.
[21] H. Li, S. Svendsen, District heating network design and configuration
optimization with genetic algorithm, Journal of Sustainable Development
of Energy, Water and Environment Systems 1 (4) (2013) 291–
303.
[22] G. Phetteplace, Optimal design of piping systems for district heating,
Tech. rep., COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
HANOVER NH (1995).
[23] N. Yildirim, M. Toksoy, G. Gokcen, Piping network design of geothermal
district heating systems: Case study for a university campus, Energy
35 (8) (2010) 3256–3262.
[24] A. Hlebnikov, A. Siirde, A. Paist, Basics of optimal design of district
heating pipelines diameters and design examples of estonian old nonoptimised
district heating networks, Doctoral school of energy-and
geotechnology, January 15–20, Kuressaare, Estonia (2007) 149–153.
[25] A. Hlebnikov, N. Dementjeva, A. Siirde, Optimization of narva district
heating network and analysis of competitiveness of oil shale chp building
in narva., Oil Shale 26.
[26] P. Ulloa, Potential for combined heat and power and district heating
and cooling from waste-to-energy facilities in the us–learning from the
danish experience, Columbia University: Fu Foundation of School of
Engineering and Applied Science.
[27] K. Çomaklı, B. Yüksel, Ö. Çomaklı, Evaluation of energy and exergy
losses in district heating network, Applied thermal engineering 24 (7)
(2004) 1009–1017.
[28] A. Smyk, Z. Pietrzyk, Straty przenikania ciepła w sieci ciepłowniczej
w ró˙znych warunkach eksploatacyjnych, Rynek Energii (6) (2012) 46–
51.
[29] A. Smyk, Z. Pietrzyk, Dobór s´rednicy rurocia˛gów w sieci ciepłowniczej
z uwzgle˛dnieniem op-tymalnej pre˛dkos´ci wody sieciowej, Rynek Energii
(6) (2011) 98–105.
[30] H. Tol, S. Svendsen, Improving the dimensioning of piping networks
and network layouts in low-energy district heating systems connected
to low-energy buildings: A case study in roskilde, denmark, Energy
38 (1) (2012) 276–290.
[31] T. Nussbaumer, S. Thalmann, Influence of system design on heat distribution
costs in district heating, Energy 101 (2016) 496–505.
[32] M. Kayfeci, Determination of energy saving and optimum insulation
thicknesses of the heating piping systems for different insulation materials,
Energy and Buildings 69 (2014) 278–284.
[33] A. Keçeba¸s, M. A. Alkan, M. Bayhan, Thermo-economic analysis of
pipe insulation for district heating piping systems, Applied Thermal Engineering
31 (17) (2011) 3929–3937.
[34] R. Lund, S. Mohammadi, Choice of insulation standard for pipe networks
in 4 th generation district heating systems, Applied Thermal Engineering
98 (2016) 256–264.
[35] C. Snoek, L. Yang, T. Onno, S. Frederiksen, H. Korsman, Optimization
of district heating systems by maximizing building heating system temperature
differences, IEA District Heating and Cooling report (2002)
S2.
[36] O. Gudmundsson, A. Nielsen, J. Iversen, The effects of lowering the
network temperatures in existing networks, in: DHC13, the 13th international
symposium on district heating and cooling, September 3rd to,
2012, pp. 116–121.
[37] H. Gadd, S. Werner, Achieving low return temperatures from district
heating substations, Applied energy 136 (2014) 59–67.
[38] H. Zinko, B. Bøhm, H. Kristjansson, U. Ottosson, M. Rama, K. Sipila,
District heating distribution in areas with low heat demand density,
International Energy Agency.
[39] H. A. Abdel-Gawad, Optimal design of pipe networks by an improved
genetic algorithm, in: Proceedings of the Sixth International Water
Technology Conference IWTC, 2001, pp. 23–25.
[40] O. Fujiwara, B. Jenchaimahakoon, N. Edirishinghe, A modified linear
programming gradient method for optimal design of looped water distribution
networks, Water Resources Research 23 (6) (1987) 977–982.
[41] K. E. Lansey, L.W. Mays, Optimization model for water distribution system
design, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 115 (10) (1989) 1401–
1418.
[42] E. Mathews, H. Brenkman, P. Köhler, Optimization of pipe networks
using standardized pipes, R&D Journal 10 (2) (1994) 45–51.
[43] T. Fang, R. Lahdelma, Genetic optimization of multi-plant heat production
in district heating networks, Applied Energy 159 (2015) 610–619.
[44] A. Keçeba¸s, M. A. Alkan, ˙I. Yabanova, M. Yumurtacı, Energetic and
economic evaluations of geothermal district heating systems by using
ann, Energy policy 56 (2013) 558–567.
[45] A. Bejan, Entropy generation minimization: The new thermodynamics
of finite-size devices and finite-time processes, Journal of Applied
Physics 79 (3) (1996) 1191–1218.
[46] R. Laskowski, A. Rusowicz, A. Smyk, Weryfikacja ´srednicy rurek
skraplacza na podstawie minimalizacji generacji entropii, Rynek Energii
(1) (2015) 71–75.
[47] Z. Kolenda, Exergy analysis and the method of minimizing the generation
of entropy, Opportunities to improve imperfections thermodynamic
processes in the electricity supply (in Polish), PAN Publisher.
[48] J. Szargut, Problems of thermodynamics optimization, Archives of
Thermodynamics 19 (3/4) (1998) 85–94.
[49] R. Laskowski, A. Rusowicz, A. Grzebielec, Estimation of a tube diameter
in a ‘church window’condenser based on entropy generation
minimization, Archives of Thermodynamics 36 (3) (2015) 49–59.
[50] E. Mathews, P. Köhler, A numerical optimization procedure for complex
pipe and duct network design, International Journal of Numerical
Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 5 (5) (1995) 445–457.
[51] D. Connolly, B. V. Mathiesen, P. A. Østergaard, B. Möller, S. Nielsen,
H. Lund, . T. D., Heat roadmap europe, Tech. rep., Department of Development
and Planning, Aalborg University. (2013).
[52] J. Murat, A. Smyk, Dobór optymalnej s´rednicy rurocia˛gów rozgałe˛z´nopier
´scieniowej sieci w systemie ciepłowniczym zasilanym z elektrociepłowni,
Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja 46 (4) (2015)
127–134.
[53] J. Murat, A. Smyk, Dobór s´rednicy rurocia˛gów w układzie rozgałe˛z´nopier
´scieniowym dla przykładowych struktur sieci ciepłowniczej, Instal
(9) (2015) 13–19.
[54] olish Standard PN-EN 13941: Design and installation of preinsulated
bonded pipe systems for district heating., Warsaw, (2005).
[55] T. S. Wasilewski W, The mathematical model for the optimization of
thermodynamic parameters and geometric heating systems, warsaw
University of Technology, Faculty of Sanitary and Water Engineering,
Institute of Heating and Ventilation, City Warsaw 1984.
Published
2018-03-27
How to Cite
MURAT, Jakub; SMYK, Adam; LASKOWSKI, Rafal Marcin.
Selecting optimal pipeline diameters for a district heating network comprising branches and rings, using graph theory and cost minimization.
Journal of Power Technologies, [S.l.], v. 98, n. 1, p. 30–44, mar. 2018.
ISSN 2083-4195.
Available at: <https://papers.itc.pw.edu.pl/index.php/JPT/article/view/1287>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
Issue
Section
Research and Development in Power Engineering 2017
Keywords
District heating networks; heat cost; optimum pipe diameter; graph theory
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
