@article{7,
author = {Hansel, J.},
journal = {Journal of Machine Construction and Maintenance},
keywords = {badania magnetyczne,lina stalowa,magnetic testing,wire rope},
pages = {91--107},
title = {{The Polish methodology of magnetic testing of wire ropes}},
volume = {nr 3},
year = {2012}
}
@article{3,
abstract = {The article presents technical and economic aspects of power grid reconstruction using high temperature low sag conductors. With reference to the condition and current needs of power industry, the author presented specific characteristics of high temperature low sag conductors technology. What is more, the author conducted analysis of usefulness of particular high temperature low sag conductors in reconstruction of Polish power grids in short.},
author = {Szkutnik, Jerzy and Baum, Krystyna},
issn = {00332097},
journal = {Przeglad Elektrotechniczny},
keywords = {Electrical efficiency,High temperature low sag conductors (HTLS),Limitation of carbon dioxide emission,Power grids reconstruction},
number = {10},
pages = {267--271},
title = {{Techniczno-ekonomiczne aspekty rekonstrukcji sieci w oparciu o przewody wysokotemperaturowe}},
volume = {87},
year = {2011}
}
@article{6,
abstract = {Excessive bending has been identified as a concern for the hybrid composite core that is currently being used as the structural member for the Aluminum Conductor Composite Core Trapezoidal Wire (ACCC/TW™) transmission line. In this work the flexure strength of the ACCC core was measured in a series of four point bend tests while monitoring acoustic emissions. To quantify the stress state within the rods and to evaluate its flexure strength, an analytic solution for the bending stress was derived and numerically verified using the finite element method. In the second part of the study several specimens that had been subjected to excessive bending were subsequently tested for their residual tensile strength. It was found that wrapping the ACCC core around a 1. m mandrel, which is a common loading condition in practice, will not generate significant structural damage in the composite core. It was determined that the diameter of the mandrel that would cause failure of the composite core is 467. mm. From this work it was found that excessive bending, up to 90{\%} of the flexural strength of the ACCC core, had no detrimental effect on the residual tensile strength of the hybrid composite. It was observed that the majority of the micro-structural damage that was accrued during the excessive bending of the cores presented itself in the form of matrix damage without any significant fiber kinking. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Burks, B. and Middleton, J. and Armentrout, D. and Kumosa, M.},
doi = {10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.04.029},
issn = {02663538},
journal = {Composites Science and Technology},
keywords = {A. Hybrid composites,A. Polymer matrix composites (PMCs),B. Strength,C. FEA},
number = {10},
pages = {1490--1496},
title = {{Effect of excessive bending on residual tensile strength of hybrid composite rods}},
volume = {70},
year = {2010}
}
@article{2,
author = {Berjozkina, Svetlana and Technical, Riga and Rtu, Antans Sauhats and Rtu, Edvins Vanzovichs},
journal = {Riga Technical University 53rd International Scientific Conference},
keywords = {are the decisive spans,efficiency,estimation technique,l wind,of all the described,power,spans,supply quality,transmission,transmission of electrical energy},
number = {1},
pages = {18--24},
title = {{Evaluation of the Profitability of High Temperature Low Sag Conductors}},
volume = {31},
year = {2012}
}
@article{5,
abstract = {In this work, the Aluminum Conductor Composite Core ™ (ACCC) was numerically investigated to evaluate stress distributions when subjected to thermal and mechanical loads. The thermal analysis was conducted to simulate the cooling cycle of the rod from 250 C to room temperature. Three types of mechanical loads were considered, namely axial tension, small bending, and large bending conditions. This was done to predict potential mechanical failure modes, which could reduce the short term performance of the conductors. It has been shown that the magnitudes of the residual thermal stresses in the composite core are low and insufficient to create internal mechanical damage during manufacturing. As expected, the axial tension analysis indicated that under extreme axial tensile loads the ACCC rod will fail catastrophically. The most important results were obtained through the bending analysis, especially under large displacement conditions. Under these conditions the ACCC rod will develop mechanical compressive damage in its carbon fiber/epoxy section if the rods are bent around relatively small mandrels either during transportation or installation. {\textcopyright} 2010 IEEE.},
author = {Burks, B. and Armentrout, D. L. and Kumosa, M.},
doi = {10.1109/TDEI.2010.5448116},
issn = {10709878},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation},
keywords = {ACCC conductors,FEM modeling,Hybrid composite,Mechanical failure,Polymer matrix composites,Stress analysis},
number = {2},
pages = {588--596},
title = {{Failure prediction analysis of an ACCC conductor subjected to thermal and mechanical stresses}},
volume = {17},
year = {2010}
}
@article{1,
abstract = {A new type of overhead conductor with a polymer composite core is evaluated in terms of the mechanical properties and operating characteristics. The conductor is composed of trapezoidal O'-tempered aluminum wires helically wound around a hybrid glass/carbon composite core produced by pultrusion. The conductor is intended for electrical power transmission, and is designated ACCC/TW, for aluminum conductor composite core/trapezoidal wire. Measurements of core properties and conductor sag at high temperatures were compared to conventional ACSR (aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced) of the same diameter. The tensile strength of the ACCC/TW was ∼1.5 times greater than conventional ACSR of the same outer diameter. The CTE of the composite core was approximately 4 times lower than the steel core in ACSR. The ACCC/TW conductor exhibited a six-fold reduction in high-temperature sag compared with conventional ACSR (Drake) when operated at the same current. The ACCC/TW conductor also exhibited greater ampacity than ACSR conductor at all operating temperatures. {\textcopyright} 2005 IEEE.},
author = {Alawar, Ahmad and Bosze, Eric J. and Nutt, Steven R.},
doi = {10.1109/TPWRD.2005.848736},
issn = {08858977},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery},
keywords = {Aluminum conductor composite core (ACCC),Aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR),Aluminum conductor steel supported (ACSS),Overhead conductors,Sag,Stress strain curve,Tensile strength,Tensile test,Unidirectional composites material},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {2193--2199},
title = {{A composite core conductor for low sag at high temperatures}},
volume = {20},
year = {2005}
}
@article{8,
author = {Hankus, J.},
journal = {Prace Naukowe GIG. G{\'{o}}rnictwo i {\'{S}}rodowisko / G{\l}{\'{o}}wny Instytut G{\'{o}}rnictwa},
pages = {43--58},
title = {{Integrated testing and assessment methods of the safety state of steel ropes}},
volume = {nr 4},
year = {2002}
}
@article{4,
abstract = {Glass fiber/carbon fiber/epoxy hybrid composite rods were investigated in this research for their resistance to excessive bending. The rods are presently being used as the load bearing component of the Aluminum Conductor Composite Core/Trapezoidal Wire (ACCC/TW™) design. The ACCC/TW™ design is one of the most serious candidates to replace the existing conductor designs based on steel and aluminum wires. The effects of mandrel size and thickness of the insulating glass fiber composite sheath on the axial compressive stress state during bending of the ACCC rod were numerically investigated by performing non-linear finite element analyses of the conductor wrapping process. In addition, two sets of compression experiments were performed on composite specimens in order to determine the ultimate compressive strength of the ACCC rod and of the carbon fiber composite alone. During the compression tests, acoustic emissions were monitored from the specimens to determine if a different failure process exists for the hybrid composite as opposed to a traditional uni-directional long fiber composite. Proof tests, and subsequent Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) work of each type of composite were also performed to better understand the failure process. It was clearly demonstrated in this research that ACCC rods will be mechanically damaged by excessive bending over small diameter mandrels used for transportation and installation purposes. This work should be of great help to the manufacturers and potential users of the ACCC conductors around the world. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Burks, B. M. and Armentrout, D. L. and Baldwin, M. and Buckley, J. and Kumosa, M.},
doi = {10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.08.003},
issn = {02663538},
journal = {Composites Science and Technology},
keywords = {A. Hybrid composites,A. Polymer matrix composites,C. Finite element analysis,D. Acoustic emission,D. Scanning Electron Microscopy},
number = {15-16},
pages = {2625--2632},
title = {{Hybrid composite rods subjected to excessive bending loads}},
volume = {69},
year = {2009}
}