The effect of various buffer battery maintenance regimes on the state of health of VRLA batteries
Abstract
Modern society relies on the constant flow of quality electricity. Various safety measures in the form of uninterruptible powersupplies (UPS) combined with diesel generation systems are used to ensure permanent power delivery to strategic servicesduring a power outage. Batteries UPS systems are held in buffer mode to avoid the self discharge process progressing. Theimpact of various buffer battery maintenance regimes is an important factor in ensuring the reliability of UPS systems. Aseries of tests on five battery pairs were performed to estimate the impact of five different buffer regimes on the batteries’state of health. The tests were carried out in the span of one year, at heightened temperature to accelerate the negativeimpact of the said regimes on the batteries’ state of health. The test results showed that, contrary to widely-accepted belief,rippling of the buffer charging current does not have a significant negative impact on battery health. A comparison did indeedshow that rippled charging current delivered lower total capacity loss than unrippled current. Then desulfation was appliedto the batteries after testing to estimate the amount of capacity that was lost due to sulfation. It determined that ripplingpromotes more irreversible capacity loss (not caused by sulfation) than unrippled current with the same average voltage. Theinsights gained from these tests could inform attempts by industry to slow down the deterioration of lead-acid batteries in UPSapplications.References
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London, 1980.
[2] D. Linden, B. Reddy, T, Handbook of Batteries. Third Edition, McGraw-
Hill Professional, New York, 2002.
[3] G. Karlsson, Simple model for the overcharge reaction in valve regulated
lead/acid batteries under fully stationary conditions, Journal of
power sources 58 (1) (1996) 79–85.
[4] M. A. Karimi, H. Karami, M. Mahdipour, Ann modeling of water consumption
in the lead-acid batteries, Journal of Power Sources 172 (2)
(2007) 946–956.
[5] S. Bai, S. Lukic, A 12-pulse diode rectifier with energy storage integration
and high power quality on both ac and dc side, in: Energy Conversion
Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2012 IEEE, IEEE, 2012, pp.
4042–4048.
[6] Materials from www.eurobat.org.
[7] Y. B. Blauth, I. Barbi, A phase-controlled 12-pulse rectifier with unity
displacement factor without phase shifting transformer, in: Applied
Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1998. APEC’98. Conference
Proceedings 1998., Thirteenth Annual, Vol. 2, IEEE, 1998, pp.
970–976.
[8] A. Ruddell, A. Dutton, H.Wenzl, C. Ropeter, D. Sauer, J. Merten, C. Orfanogiannis,
J. Twidell, P. Vezin, Analysis of battery current microcycles
in autonomous renewable energy systems, Journal of Power sources
112 (2) (2002) 531–546.
[9] C. Protogeropoulos, J. Nikoletatos, “EXAMINATION OF RIPPLE CURRENT
EFFECTS ON LEAD-ACID BATTERY AGEING AND TECHNICAL
AND ECONOMICAL COMPARISON BETWEEN “SOLAR” AND
SLI BATTERIES”, 14th EC Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,
Barcelona, Spain, 1997.
[10] R. F. Nelson, M. A. Kepros, Ac ripple effects on vrla batteries in float
applications, in: Battery Conference on Applications and Advances,
1999. The Fourteenth Annual, IEEE, 1999, pp. 281–289.
[11] P. T. Moseley, J. Garche, Electrochemical energy storage for renewable
sources and grid balancing, Newnes, 2014.
[12] D. U. Sauer, H. Wenzl, Comparison of different approaches for lifetime
prediction of electrochemical systems—using lead-acid batteries
as example, Journal of Power sources 176 (2) (2008) 534–546.
[13] L. Lam, N. Haigh, C. Phyland, A. Urban, Failure mode of valveregulated
lead-acid batteries under high-rate partial-state-of-charge
operation, Journal of Power Sources 133 (1) (2004) 126–134.
[14] B. Zhang, J. Zhong, W. Li, Z. Dai, Z. Cheng, Transformation of inert
pbso4 deposit on the negative electrode of a lead-acid battery into its
active state, Journal of Power Sources 195 (13) (2010) 4338–4343.
[15] D. Pavlov, G. Petkova, T. Rogachev, Influence of h2so4 concentration
on the performance of lead-acid battery negative plates, Journal of
Power Sources 175 (1) (2008) 586–594.
[16] L. Lam, H. Ceylan, N. Haigh, T. Lwin, D. Rand, Influence of residual
elements in lead on oxygen-and hydrogen-gassing rates of lead-acid
batteries, Journal of Power Sources 195 (14) (2010) 4494–4512.
[17] L. Lam, O. Lim, N. Haigh, D. Rand, J. Manders, D. Rice, Oxide for
valve-regulated lead–acid batteries, Journal of power sources 73 (1)
(1998) 36–46.
[18] M. Saravanan, S. Ambalavanan, Failure analysis of cast-on-strap in
lead-acid battery subjected to vibration, Engineering Failure Analysis
18 (8) (2011) 2240–2249.
[19] T. Khun, The Electrochemistry of Lead, Academic Press, London,
1979.
[20] D. U. Sauer, E. Karden, B. Fricke, H. Blanke, M. Thele, O. Bohlen,
J. Schiffer, J. B. Gerschler, R. Kaiser, Charging performance of automotive
batteries—an underestimated factor influencing lifetime and
reliable battery operation, Journal of power sources 168 (1) (2007)
22–30.
[21] M. Thele, J. Schiffer, E. Karden, E. Surewaard, D. Sauer, Modeling
of the charge acceptance of lead–acid batteries, Journal of Power
Sources 168 (1) (2007) 31–39.
Published
2019-01-02
How to Cite
RYŚ, Piotr Andrzej et al.
The effect of various buffer battery maintenance regimes on the state of health of VRLA batteries.
Journal of Power Technologies, [S.l.], v. 98, n. 4, p. 365–376, jan. 2019.
ISSN 2083-4195.
Available at: <https://papers.itc.pw.edu.pl/index.php/JPT/article/view/1432>. Date accessed: 18 apr. 2024.
Issue
Section
Energy Conversion and Storage
Keywords
Batteries; Lead-Acid; VRLA; State of Health; Buffering charge; Desulphation
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